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PSYC > 9. Behavioural Neuroscience: Anatomical divisions of the Brain > Flashcards

9. Behavioural Neuroscience: Anatomical divisions of the Brain Flashcards

1
Q

define rostral (anterior)

A

toward the beak

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2
Q

define caudal (posterior)

A

toward the tail

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3
Q

define dorsal (superior)

A

toward the back

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4
Q

define ventral (inferior)

A

toward the belly

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5
Q

define lateral

A

toward the side

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6
Q

define medial

A

toward the midline

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7
Q

define ipsilateral

A

on SAME side of midline

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8
Q

define contralateral

A

on OPPOSITE side of midline

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9
Q

what are homotopic connections

A

connect complementary region of OTHER hemisphere of brain

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10
Q

what are heterotopic connections

A

connections that communicate to diff brain regions

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11
Q

what is the corpus callosum

A

large bundle of axons that connect the 2 hemispheres (facilitates communication & connection b/w them for various func)

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12
Q

what is callosotomy

A

procedure to cut the corpus callosum to STOP severe epileptic seizures
- PREVENTS communication b/w hemispheres

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13
Q

what are the subdivisions of the brain?

A

forebrain, midbrain & hindbrain

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14
Q

what are the subdivisions of the forebrain & the structures w/in it ?

A
  1. Telencephalon : cerebral cortex, basal ganglia & limbic system
  2. Diencephalon : thalamus, hypothalamus
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15
Q

what are the subdivisions of the midbrain & its structures?

A

Mesencephalon : tectum/tegmentum

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16
Q

what are the subdivisions of the hindbrain & its structures?

A
  1. Metencephalon : Cerebellum, Pons
  2. Mylencephalon : Medulla oblongata
17
Q

Desc the Cerebral Cortex (Telencephalon - forebrain)

A
  • largest structure of human brain
  • divided into 2 cerebral hemispheres
  • inner “white matter” : pale cause high [axon fibres] covered in F.A
  • outer “grey matter” : where neurons synapse & connect together
  • LOTS OF FOLDS to ^ amount of cortex = ^ # of neural activity

SULCUS : dips
GYRUS : lump bits

18
Q

desc the Basal Ganglia & its func (Telencephalon - forebrain)

A
  • located in TOP area of brain but DEEP in mid
  • its nuclei (Putamen & caudate nucleus) is responsible for controlling INVOLUNTARY movement (highly auto aspects e.x walking)
  • dysfunc in ppl w/ Parkinson’s > (weakness, treamors, limb rigidity, poor balance, diff initiating movements)
19
Q

desc Limbic system & its func (Telencephalon - forebrain)

A
  • incl : hypothalamus, thalamus, hippocampus & amygdala
  • AMYGDALA = for fear responses (imp for mediating emotional responses)
  • HIPPOCAMPUS = for learning & memory
20
Q

desc the thalamus (Diencephalon - forebrain)

A
  • major relay station for sensory inputs > cerebral cortex (lots of connectivity to diff areas)
  • imp for activities which req diff inputs & processing (e.x reading: info from retina > lang processing area)
  • divided into several nuclei
  • DENSE hub of neurons
21
Q

desc the Hypothalamus (Diencephalon - forebrain)

A
  • controls autonomic nervous system & endocrine (hormone) system
  • regulates survival behaviours (fight, flight, feed, mate)
22
Q

desc the Mesencephalon (midbrain)

A
  • @ topmost region of brainstem, sits directly above hindbrain
  • connects PONS & CEREBELLUM w/ forebrain
  • imp in motor movement (esp eye) & in auditory & visual processing
  • IMP for startled responses (coordinated movement, attention must be diverted to these imp events)
23
Q

desc the Metencephalon (Hindbrain)

A
  1. CEREBELLUM : receives info from visual, auditory, somatosensory & vestibular (balance) systems (HELPS COORD OF MOVEMENT)
  2. PONS : lies on VENTRAL surface of brainstem, contains SEVERAL nuclei imp in regulating SLEEP & AROUSAL
    - relays info from cerebral cortex > cerebellum
24
Q

desc the Myelencephalon (Hindbrain)

A
  • AKA Medulla Oblongata/Medulla
  • links hindbrain > spinal cord
  • contains neurons imp for autonomic func (respiration, heart rate)
25
what are the 4 lobes of the cerebral cortex?
- Frontal lobe - Temporal lobe - Occipital lobe - Parietal lobe
26
desc the primary visual cortex & where it is located
- occupies MEDIAL & LATERAL parts of OCCIPITAL LOBE - it receives sensory info from retina
27
desc the func of the Parietal Lobe & where its located
- involved in attention & spatial awareness - sits on DORSAL surface of cortex (part of the dorsal stream) - "where" pathway becux of role in SPATIAL LOCALISATION
28
desc the func of Temporal lobe & where its located
- imp in auditory processing & involved in more complex VISUAL processing (recog of faces & complex objects) - sits on VENTRAL surface of cortex, part of VENTRAL STREAM - "what" pathway becuz of complex obj recog
29
desc the primary auditory cortex & where its loacted
- occupies SUPERIOR (dorsal) part of TEMPORAL lobe, & part of cortex buried w/in SYLVIAN FISSURE - receives auditory info from COCHLEA (inner ear 4 hearing)
30
what is a tonotopic map formed by?
a systematic organization of neurons in the auditory system where neurons that respond to similar freq are located close together, forming a spatial representation of sound freq
31
desc the Primary somatosensory cortex & where it is located
- immediately POSTERIOR to the CENTRAL SULCUS (large grove b/w the frontal & parietal lobe) - receives sensory info from skin (temp, touch, pain)
32
somatopic map is a ...
a spatial organization of the brain where specific areas correspond to different parts of the body
33
desc the Primary motor cortex & where its located
- on the PRECENTRAL GYRUS, immediately ANTERIOR to CENTRAL SUCUS - diff parts of primary motor cortex send signals that CONTROL diff grps of VOLUNTARY muscles (lips, hands, feet) - controls muscles on the OPP (CONTRALATERAL) side of the body
34
why is the human frontal lobe DIFF from other animals?
- relatively larger than non-primates - higher lvl of connectivity w/ rest of the brain (compared to other apes)
35
what are some "higher order" func of the frontal lobe?
1. voluntary, controlled behaviour 2. impulse control & emotional regulation 3. abstract reasoning & planning 4. Social cognition 5. Language
36
what does frontal lobe damage cause?
- alters executive functioning - Phineas Gage e.x (metal rod through frontal lobe) - caused BEHAVIOURAL CHANGES -personality changed SIGNIFICANTLY (angry, impatient) - unable to plan for future - only able to work where he DIDN'T make decisions

PSYC (12 decks)

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