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Question 1

If an experiment has been repeated many times with the same results, then we know it has a high level of

Answer 1

reliability

Question 2

The main activities of science are

Answer 2

A) control
B) measurement
C) observation

D) all of the above

Question 3

A key feature of causality is

Answer 3

A) co-variation
B) temporal sequence of events
C) exclusion of alternative influences

D) all of the above

Question 4

If we train an individual who has a headache with neurofeedback and the headache goes away, does that mean that neurofeedback made the headache go away?

Answer 4

There may have been other factors involved.

Question 5

The medical community and policy makers often focus on one particular research design because

Answer 5

B) they often lack extensive education in research methodology
C) it is the design that best suits drug testing

D) b and c

Question 6

After decades of development in the behavioral sciences the _______ design has proven to be a highly valid and reliable design.

Answer 6

single-case research design

Question 7

In the end, who is it that determines the validity of a scientific experiment

Answer 7

the individual scientist or educated reader

Question 8

A scientific experiment provides support for a hypothesis by

Answer 8

providing evidence it is probably not wrong

Question 9

The discussion section should review

Answer 9

A) what should be done in the future related experiments
B) implications for theories surrounding the hypothesis
C) ways the experiment could have been done differently

D) all of the above

Question 10

During baseline reading in clinical neurofeedback we are usually collecting the mean values for

Answer 10

A) amplitude
B) frequency
C) coherence

D) all of the above

Question 11

A _____ is a statistical test that we might use to compare scores between a group of clients based on pre and post training measures rather than during a typical session.

Answer 11

t-test

Question 12

A difference in scores that has significance at the .05 level means there is a probability of _____ that our test hypothesis could be wrong.

Answer 12

one in twenty

Question 13

A correlation of -.7 is _____ than a correlation of .5

Answer 13

stronger

Question 14

A research article usually begins with a very brief summary of the experiment involving around 150 words known as

Answer 14

abstract

Question 15

Initially a research article briefly reviews the history of research on a particular dependent variable and

Answer 15

A) provides a hypothesis
B) cites sources
C) reviews existing theories

D) all of the above

Question 16

It is important to report how an experiment was done in a detailed step by step fashion so it can be replicated. The section dedicated to this description is known as:

Answer 16

the methods section

Question 17

The section of a research article which explains the outcome of the manipulation of the the independent variable is known as:

Answer 17

the results section

Question 18

In an experimental design the dependent variable is usually the variable that is

Answer 18

measured for changes

Question 19

The experimental design which is most used by the medical community but least appropriate for the study of EEG biofeedback is

Answer 19

double-blind study

Question 20

Blampied et al (1996) made a strong argument indicating that one design in particular was most ethical and appropriate for the study of Neurofeedback.

Answer 20

single-case research design

Question 21

In a classical experimental design using two groups, what is the most effective method for managing the individual differences that result in confounds and reduced validity?

Answer 21

random assignment

Question 22

LaVaque (2001) observed that providing sham neurofeedback and using control groups in EEG biofeedback research was unethical because

Answer 22

it constituted withholding treatment

Question 23

Extensive research indicates that the placebo effect may be as high as _____ in many cases.

Answer 23

30%

Question 24

When deciding on an experimental design

Answer 24

the nature of the dependent variable is a critical consideration.

Question 25

When a series of measurements are averaged, we usually refer to the statistical result as

Answer 25

the mean

Question 26

A statistical value that can often inform a practitioner of how varied an individual’s EEG was in the process of achieving the mean score is known as

Answer 26

the standard deviation

Question 27

The _____ tells us whether the difference in two experimental groups is due to chance alone or due to the manipulation of the independent variable.

Answer 27

t-test

Question 28

What tells us the degree of likelihood of whether two group means would occur together by chance?

Answer 28

alpha level

Question 29

A strong correlation between two variables

Answer 29

indicates a possible causal connection

Question 30

Squaring the correlation r = .8 to get .64 will give you the

Answer 30

the coefficient of determination

Question 31

The determination of a training or treatment effect derived from a systematic evaluation obtained in a controlled clinical trial is referred to as

Answer 31

Efficacy

Question 32

As a therapy, neurofeedback naturally leads to a practice that uses the best evidence from research findings to guide the delivery of health services, otherwise known as

Answer 32

Evidence-based practice

Question 33

Sham neurofeedback is difficult to use in a control group design because

Answer 33

A) It is difficult to produce.
B) It is unethical to use.
C) It is easy for subjects to detect.

D) All of the above.

Question 34

In 2000 the World Medical Association warned about the ethical problems of using sham therapies and this warning was embodied in a document known as

Answer 34

The Declaration of Helsinki

Question 35

These Criteria for Levels of Evidence of Efficacy were used to assign efficacy levels for the vast number of conditions for which EEG biofeedback has been used with the 3rd Level of efficacy designated as

Answer 35

Probably Efficacious