9 Flashcards
If an experiment has been repeated many times with the same results, then we know it has a high level of
reliability
The main activities of science are
A) control
B) measurement
C) observation
D) all of the above
A key feature of causality is
A) co-variation
B) temporal sequence of events
C) exclusion of alternative influences
D) all of the above
If we train an individual who has a headache with neurofeedback and the headache goes away, does that mean that neurofeedback made the headache go away?
There may have been other factors involved.
The medical community and policy makers often focus on one particular research design because
B) they often lack extensive education in research methodology
C) it is the design that best suits drug testing
D) b and c
After decades of development in the behavioral sciences the _______ design has proven to be a highly valid and reliable design.
single-case research design
In the end, who is it that determines the validity of a scientific experiment
the individual scientist or educated reader
A scientific experiment provides support for a hypothesis by
providing evidence it is probably not wrong
The discussion section should review
A) what should be done in the future related experiments
B) implications for theories surrounding the hypothesis
C) ways the experiment could have been done differently
D) all of the above
During baseline reading in clinical neurofeedback we are usually collecting the mean values for
A) amplitude
B) frequency
C) coherence
D) all of the above
A _____ is a statistical test that we might use to compare scores between a group of clients based on pre and post training measures rather than during a typical session.
t-test
A difference in scores that has significance at the .05 level means there is a probability of _____ that our test hypothesis could be wrong.
one in twenty
A correlation of -.7 is _____ than a correlation of .5
stronger
A research article usually begins with a very brief summary of the experiment involving around 150 words known as
abstract
Initially a research article briefly reviews the history of research on a particular dependent variable and
A) provides a hypothesis
B) cites sources
C) reviews existing theories
D) all of the above
It is important to report how an experiment was done in a detailed step by step fashion so it can be replicated. The section dedicated to this description is known as:
the methods section
The section of a research article which explains the outcome of the manipulation of the the independent variable is known as:
the results section
In an experimental design the dependent variable is usually the variable that is
measured for changes
The experimental design which is most used by the medical community but least appropriate for the study of EEG biofeedback is
double-blind study
Blampied et al (1996) made a strong argument indicating that one design in particular was most ethical and appropriate for the study of Neurofeedback.
single-case research design
In a classical experimental design using two groups, what is the most effective method for managing the individual differences that result in confounds and reduced validity?
random assignment
LaVaque (2001) observed that providing sham neurofeedback and using control groups in EEG biofeedback research was unethical because
it constituted withholding treatment
Extensive research indicates that the placebo effect may be as high as _____ in many cases.
30%
When deciding on an experimental design
the nature of the dependent variable is a critical consideration.
When a series of measurements are averaged, we usually refer to the statistical result as
the mean
A statistical value that can often inform a practitioner of how varied an individual’s EEG was in the process of achieving the mean score is known as
the standard deviation
The _____ tells us whether the difference in two experimental groups is due to chance alone or due to the manipulation of the independent variable.
t-test
What tells us the degree of likelihood of whether two group means would occur together by chance?
alpha level
A strong correlation between two variables
indicates a possible causal connection
Squaring the correlation r = .8 to get .64 will give you the
the coefficient of determination
The determination of a training or treatment effect derived from a systematic evaluation obtained in a controlled clinical trial is referred to as
Efficacy
As a therapy, neurofeedback naturally leads to a practice that uses the best evidence from research findings to guide the delivery of health services, otherwise known as
Evidence-based practice
Sham neurofeedback is difficult to use in a control group design because
A) It is difficult to produce.
B) It is unethical to use.
C) It is easy for subjects to detect.
D) All of the above.
In 2000 the World Medical Association warned about the ethical problems of using sham therapies and this warning was embodied in a document known as
The Declaration of Helsinki
These Criteria for Levels of Evidence of Efficacy were used to assign efficacy levels for the vast number of conditions for which EEG biofeedback has been used with the 3rd Level of efficacy designated as
Probably Efficacious
