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Question 1

What is rBGH?

Answer 1

(Recombinant bovine growth hormone) a protein that is made by genetically engineered bacteria. It is injected into cows to stimulate a growth hormone

Question 2

What does a gene (or DNA) encode for?

Answer 2

A sequence of DNA that encodes a protein

Question 3

What is protein synthesis?

Answer 3

The process of using instructions carried on a gene to create proteins

Question 4

What steps are involved in protein synthesis?

Answer 4

DNA -transcription- RNA -translation- Gene- protein

Question 5

What is a protein?

Answer 5

A large molecule composed of amino acids

Question 6

What is DNA?

Answer 6

Double-stranded

Each nucleotide is composed of deoxyribose, phosphate, and a nitrogenous base

Question 7

How many bases does DNA contain?

Answer 7

4 bases: adenine (A), thymine (T), guanine (G), and cytosine (C)

Question 8

What is RNA?

Answer 8

Single-stranded with nucleotides composed of A,C,G, and Uracil (U)

Question 9

Can DNA travel?

Answer 9

No, it is stuck in the nucleus

Question 10

How are DNA and RNA similar?

Answer 10

DNA and RNA are both polymers of nucleotides

Question 11

How are DNA and RNA different?

Answer 11

DNA is double stranded and RNA is single stranded

Question 12

What leaves the nucleus?

Answer 12

RNA

Question 13

What is transcription?

Answer 13

The production of an (mRNA) RNA copy of the protein coding DNA gene sequence

Question 14

Where does transcription occur?

Answer 14

In the nucleus

Question 15

What is translation?

Answer 15

Process by which an mRNA sequence is used to produce a protein

Question 16

Where does translation occur?

Answer 16

Outside of the nucleus in the cytoplasm

Question 17

How is the copy of DNA synthesized?

Answer 17

By an enzyme called RNA polymerase

Question 18

What does RNA polymerase bind to?

Answer 18

It binds to the promoter region of the gene

Question 19

What kinds of RNA are involved in translation?

Answer 19

mRNA, tRNA, and rRNA

Question 20

What is the function of mRNA?

Answer 20

Carries the genetic information copied from the DNA

Question 21

What is the function of tRNA?

Answer 21

Carries amino acids and matches it’s anticodon with codons on mRNA

Question 22

What is made of rRNA and protein?

Answer 22

Ribosomes

Question 23

What is a codon and where is it found?

Answer 23

A triplet of mRNA nucleotides

Question 24

What is an anticodon and where is it found?

Answer 24

A region of tRNA that binds to an mRNA codon

Question 25

Is the sequence ATGCATGC made up of DNA or RNA?

Answer 25

DNA

Question 26

What is the complementary DNA sequence for ATGCATGC?

Answer 26

TACGTACG

Question 27

What is the complimentary RNA for ATGCATGC?

Answer 27

UACGUACG

Question 28

What is a codon compromised of?

Answer 28

3 nucleotides

Question 29

What is a mutation?

Answer 29

A change in genetic sequence

Question 30

What might affect the order of amino acids in a protein?

Answer 30

Mutations

Question 31

What are the possible outcomes of mutation?

Answer 31

1 - no chance in protein (neutral mutation)
2 - non-functional protein
3 - different protein

Question 32

What is a base-substitution mutation?

Answer 32

A simple substitution of one base for another

Question 33

What is Frameshift mutation?

Answer 33

Addition or deletion of a base, which changes the reading frame

Question 34

What sequence stops protein production?

Answer 34

UGA, UAA, and UAG (Stop codon)

Question 35

What is a restriction enzyme?

Answer 35

Used by bacteria as a form of defense. Cuts DNA at a specific sequence. Allowing scientists to make precise cuts in DNA

Question 36

What is a plasmid?

Answer 36

A small, circular piece of bacterial DNA that exists separate from the bacterial chromosome.
Can also act as a ferry to carry a gene into a cell

Question 37

What is a GMO?

Answer 37

Genetically modified organisms

The result of the incorporation of a gene from one organism to the genome of another