9/4-Intro, History, etc. Flashcards
What does DSM stand for?
Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders
True or false: According to the DSM-5 the disorder of Asperger’s no longer exists
True, it is now high functioning autism
True or false: Autism affects more boys than girls
True, boys are between 3-5 times more likely to have autism; however girls are more likely to have more cognitive problems
True or false: There is a cure for autism
False
True or false: the incidence of autism is on the rise
true, 1/88 children is diagnosed with autism
True or false: It is not possible for signs of autism to be showing at 6 months
False, these babies are often the “easy” babies
What % of ASD children are “Savants”?
approximately 10%
What is the criteria/gold standard to be diagnosed with autism according to the DSM-5?
- Deficits in social communication AND social interactions not accounted for by general developmental delays
- Restricted, repetitive patterns of behavior, interests, OR activities
**to receive a diagnosis of ASD, all 3 symptoms in criteria 1 must be met, and 2 of the 4 symptoms must be met in criteria 2
Who was the first child psychologist?
Leo Kanner in 1943
What are Kanner’s URBAN MYTHS of ASD?
-higher rate of autism with higher SES-NOT TRUE!
-No associated medical conditions-NOT TRUE!
(20% of people who have autism develop seizures/epilepsy. 50% of children/ASD have intellectual disabilities)
- Normal Intelligence-NOT TRUE!
- Associated with schizophrenia-NOT TRUE!
When was the diagnosis of autism first published?
in the DSM-3 in 1980
Who was Hans Asperger (1944), what did he study, and what did he find?
- physician from Vienna, 1944, studied 4 boys who had severe social challenges
- Findings:
- little professors
- lack of empathy
- limited friendships & interests
- clumsy movements
- good cognitive and language skills
- poor communication skills
- unusual interests that interfered with learning
- Positive family history–>especially fathers had similar symptoms
What is Asperger’s current status?
- now considered HFA (high functioning autism)
- Words are these children’s lifeline
- social deficits prevail
In 1980, what did Rutter & Jackson do?
they made a distinction between childhood schizophrenia and ASD (DSM-3)
What are the two major diagnostic classification systems?
- DSM-5
- International classification of diseases (ICD)
What do the DSM & ICD have in common?
- each use universal language and outline distinct characteristics of ASD
- Used worldwide by many researchers and clinicians working with individuals with ASD
- Classification & diagnosis of mental, behavioral, and developmental disorders
How is autism seen today, who contributes to it, what have they found, and what is the consensus?
- contributions from neuropathology, neuroimaging, and neuropsychology
- structural and functional brain differences in the limbic system, cerebellum, and brainstem
- incredible range of developmental levels
- CONSENSUS: neurodevelopmental disorder
When was the DSM first published and by who?
in 1952, by the American Psychiatric association
Who developed the ICD? How many revisions are there?
the World Health Organization (WHO)
10 revisions (most current coming out in 2014)
What is autism?
a neurodevelopmental disorder that affects normal growth in: language, communication, social interaction, sensorimotor issues
When are symptoms present?
very early in life, as early as 6 months
For someone who is autistic, what deficits do they have in terms of language disabilities?
- intellectual disability
- receptive and/or expressive language delays
For someone who is autistic, what deficits do they have in terms of social communication?
- anxiety
- mood disorders
- sleep disorders
For someone who is autistic, what deficits do they have in terms of repetitive behaviors?
- hyperactivity
- inattention
- self-injury
- tantrums
- aggressions
For someone who is autistic, what deficits do they have in terms of medical symptoms?
- seizures
- gastrointestinal disorders
- immune dysfunction
What are some core deficits and impairments for ASD children in terms of social interaction?
- nonverbal behaviors (eye gaze, facial expression, body language)
- peer relationships
- social & emotional reciprocity
- seek opportunities to interact with others
What are the results of having core deficits and impairments in social interaction?
- less likely to orient to social stimuli
- less likely to respond to social bids of others
- less likely to initiate interactions with others
What are some core deficits and impairments for children with ASD in terms of communication deficits?
May have deficits in:
-language development
- initiating and maintaining conversations
- stereotyped and repetitive use of language
What are some results when children with ASD have core deficits in communication?
- nonverbal
- awkward language (speak in 3rd person)
- echolalic speech
- use scripts from cartoons or movies
What are some restricted, repetitive patterns of behaviors, interaction and activities that children with ASD do?
- most obvious of behaviors (rocking, spinning, hand flapping, head banging, or other unusual movement patterns)
- limited play skills
- narrow interests
What are the results of ASD have difficulties with restricted, repetitive patterns of behaviors, interaction and activities?
- may experience physical injury
- play is repetition of videos and cartoons
- lack of cooperative play
What are some other related symptoms/impairments in terms of sensory motor skills?
- unusual and extreme responses to touch, sound, smell, taste, feel–>hypersensitive to hypo sensitive
- gross and fine motor skills–uncoordinated to coordinated
What are some other related symptoms/impairments in terms of cognition?
intellectual ability ranges from low cognition to gifted
What are some other related symptoms/impairments in terms of medical/mental health issues?
- seizure disorder
- genetic disorder
- anxiety
- obsessive compulsive disorder
- ADHD
In terms of data and statistics, what are the prevalence rates of ASD?
- 1/88 children identified w/ ASD
- occur in all racial, ethnic, and socioeconomic groups
- 5 times more common in males (1/54)
In terms of risk factors what have studies found with children who have ASD?
- twin studies, if one is diagnosed w/ ASD, the other will be affected 36-95% of the time
- occur more often in people who have genetic or chromosomal conditions
What are causes of ASD?
- genetics
- multiple gene involvement
- maternal antibodies
- risk factors
- environmental causes
