9/30 Carbohydrate and Protein Digestion/Absorption

Question 1

accessory organs

Answer 1

salivary glands
liver
gall bladder
pancreas

Question 2

role of salivary glands

Answer 2

in the mouth, moisten food, produce salivary amylase to begin digestion of carbs and salivary lipase to begin digestion of fats

Question 3

role of liver

Answer 3

creates bile for fat digestion, detoxes blood, processed absorbed vitamins

Question 4

role of gall bladder

Answer 4

stores bile produced by the liver, releases into duodenum

Question 5

role of pancreas

Answer 5

secreates pancreatic juices into the duodenum

Question 6

enzymes produced by stomach

Answer 6

Parietal cells secrete HCl and Intrinsic Factor
Gastric lipase (fat digestion)
pepsin (protein digestion)

Question 7

pancreas secretions

Answer 7

pancreatic amylase (carb digestion)

pancreatic lipase (fat digestion)

trypsinogen (protein digestion)
chymotrypsinogen (protein digestion)
procarboxypeptidase (protein digestion)
proelastase (protein digestion)

bicarbonate (to neutralize acid)

Question 8

role of small intestines

Answer 8

digestion and absorption of macromolecules

Question 9

role of large intestines

Answer 9

water reuptake, bacteria produce vitamins/LI absorbs them

Question 10

components of maltose/isomaltose

Answer 10

glucose disaccharide

Question 11

components of sucrose

Answer 11

disaccharide of glucose and fructose

Question 12

components of lactose

Answer 12

disachharide of glucose and galactose

Question 13

three major dietary carbohydrates

Answer 13

starch, sucrose, and fructose

Question 14

role of salivary amylase

Answer 14

begins breakdown of starches and complex carbs into oligosaccharides, tri’s and di’s

Question 15

role of pancreatic amylase

Answer 15

further breakdown of starches and complex carbs into oligosaccharides, tri’s and di’s in the lumen of the small intestines

Question 16

enzymes produced by small intestines

Answer 16

(iso)maltase
sucrase
lactase

Question 17

role of (iso)maltase

Answer 17

breaks starch oli’s/tri’s/di’s into monosaccharide glucose in brush border

Question 18

role of sucrase

Answer 18

breaks down sucrose disaccharides into glucose and fructose monosaccharides in brush border

Question 19

role of lactase

Answer 19

breaks down lactose disaccharides into glucose and galactose monosaccharides in brush border

Question 20

things that can affect salivary gland function

Answer 20

radiation therapy, chemotherapy, and HIV

Question 21

indigestible carbs

Answer 21

B-linkages of cellulose

Raffinose in beans

Question 22

mechanism of carb uptake into enterocytes

Answer 22

Secondary active transport, uses the gradient of Na+ to drive uptake of glucose and galactose, SGLT1 ([Na+] higher outside cell)

Facilitated transport, fructose is transported into cell by GLUT5 transporter

Question 23

mechanism of monosaccharides from enterocytes to blood

Answer 23

facilitated transport

glucose/galactose/fructose: GLUT2

Question 24

Essential Amino Acids

Answer 24

“private tim hall” “pvt tim hall”

phenylalanine
valine
threonine

tryptophan
isoleucine
methionine

histidine
(arginine for growth in babies)
leucine
lysine

Question 25

zymogen

Answer 25

inactive protein precursor for proteases, also called proenzymes, start with pro- or end with -gen

must be trimmed by a protease or peptidase, modifications are irreversible

Question 26

pepsinogen

Answer 26

zymogen of pepsin

under acidic conditions, structure changes and autocleavage to pepsin, an active protease

Question 27

trypsinogen activation

Answer 27

enteropeptidase activates (made in intestinal cells)

Question 28

function of trypsin

Answer 28

digests protein and activates other pancreatic zymogens (chymotrypsinogen, proelastase, procarboxypeptidase)

Question 29

daily protein recommendations

Answer 29

0.8g/kg body weight
50g women
60g men

Question 30

consequences of protein malnutrition

Answer 30

growth retardation
increased learning failure
chronic illness later in life

Question 31

lactose intolerance

Answer 31

failure to digest/absorp lactose so the bacterial in the gut metabolize it instead

CF: diarrhea, steatorrhea, abdom discomfort, distention, flatulence

Question 32

kwashiorkor

Answer 32

protein deficiency but not hypocaloric
more common in developing countries, associated with war and famine

CF: muscle wasting, decrease of plasma proteins (causes osmotic imblance that causes GI imbalance, swelling of gut, edema, and water retention)

Question 33

marasmus

Answer 33

hypocaloric but no missing nutrients

CF: muscle wasting but NO edema

Question 34

amino acid absorption

Answer 34

interstitial lumen to enterocyte (secondary active transport)

enterocyte to hepatic portal vein (facilitated transport)

Question 35

hartnup disease

Answer 35

neutral amino aciduria

rare AR disorder of Na+ dependant transporter, intestinal and kidney epithelial cells can’t absorb neutral or aromatic AAs

kidneys: increase in AA in urine (hyperaminoaciduria)
intestines: malabsorption –> deficiency of essential AAs

CF: (Pellagra-like) 3Ds (diarrhea, dementia (w/ hallucinations), and dermatitis (photosensitive rash), ataxia

Pellagra from deficience in tryptophan or niacin, can lead to decrease in NAD/NADP, women more affected because estrogen inhibits tryptophan degredation to niacin

Treatment: oral niacin (but hyperaminoaciduria remains)

Question 36

cystinuria

Answer 36

rare AR disorder involving transporter proteins (SLC3A1 and SLC7A9)

kidneys or intestines can’t resorb cystine and basic amino acids (COLA, cystine, ornithine, lysine, arginin)

CF: insolubility of cystine generates kidney stones that block ureter, hematuria, severe pain (renal colic), and hyperaminoaciduria