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General Microbiology > 9/2 Metabolism > Flashcards

9/2 Metabolism Flashcards

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1
Q

If I put a cell in a solution thick with salt, that solution is called:
This will make the cell:

A

hypertonic, lose water and shrivel up

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2
Q

What happens to a cell with salt

A

water will move from outside the cell to the outside with the salt, causing the cell to become hypertonic (lose H2O)

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3
Q

If bacteria has an outer membrane, it is called a Gram what?

A

Gram-Negative

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4
Q

What is the source of most cellular respiration?

A

microbes like us, get most cellular energy from carbohydrates

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5
Q

what do carbs break down into

A

glucose

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6
Q

During cellular respiration, a glucose molecule is gradually broken down into :

A

co2 and H2O

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7
Q

The logic behind glucose turning into CO2

A

why we breathe, release CO2

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8
Q

What are the steps for the most influential/best ways to get ATP (cellular energy) out of sugars

A

glycolysis, Krebs cycle, ETC (all leads to ATP creation)

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9
Q

ATP is also referred to as

A

cellular energy

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10
Q

What is the goal of glycolysis and the Krebs cycle

A

take high energy electrons, move off sugar and store them on high energy electron carriers (NADH)

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11
Q

Goal of ETC

A

cash out all the high energy electrons (NADH) and make a ton of ATP

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12
Q

What comes in and what goes out in Carbohydrate Catabolism?

A
  1. Glycolysis
    –> glucose
    + NADH
    + ATP
  2. Krebs
    –> Acetyl Coa
    + NADH
    + ATP
    + CO2
  3. ETC
    –> Oxygen
    –> NADH
    + LOTS OF ATP
    + H2O
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13
Q

What happens in glycolysis

A

when glucose gets broken down into pyruvic acid
little ATP
puts energy on NADH (high energy electron carriers)

  1. Glycolysis
    –> glucose
    + NADH
    + ATP
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14
Q

What happens in Krebs

A

acetyl coa goes in to make CO2
made some energy
get NADH

  1. Krebs
    –> Acetyl Coa
    + NADH
    + ATP
    + CO2
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15
Q

What happens in the ETC

A

all the high energy electrons (NADH) are cashed in for a TON OF ATP
- oxygen makes H20

  1. ETC
    –> Oxygen
    –> NADH
    + LOTS OF ATP
    + H2O
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16
Q

ATP synthase happens in what membrane of a cell

A

plasma membrane (only has 1 membrane) NOT IN MITOCHONDRIA

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17
Q

What happens in ATP synthase

A

produces a lot of ATP
- ADP + P = ATP

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18
Q

What is this process: ADP + P = ATP

A

ATP synthase

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19
Q

What is the most efficient product that the ETC produces

A

ATP

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20
Q

The best way to run the ETC is through what respiration

A

aerobic respiration (oxygen is the final electron acceptor)

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21
Q

An alternative way for a microbe to run ETC and to make ATP without oxygen

A

anaerobic respiraton

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22
Q

Oxygen makes

A

water

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23
Q

For ideal ETC conditions, what is used as the final electron acceptor
What is the kind called:
What is reduced to what

A

Oxygen
Aerobic Respiration
O2 reduced to H2O

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24
Q

What other molecules can be final electron acceptors
What is this process called

A

NO3- to NO2-
SO4 to H2S

Anaerobic Respiration

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25
Q

What is the only respiration that humans can do
What is the process behind this
What is the thing that is produced

A

aerobic
breath in oxygen, powers ETC, make LOTS OF ATP

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26
Q

Explain the production of ATP from glucose

A

cellular respiration through the process of glycolysis, Krebs cycle, and ETC

glycolysis: glucose to pyruvic acid, load NADH
krebs: acteyl coa makes CO2, load NADH
ETC: oxygen is final acceptor passed, ATP made

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27
Q

What molecule enters the Krebs cycle

A

Acetyl Coa

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28
Q

Which process collects the most energy from the glucose atoms, Glycolysis or Krebs cycle

A

Krebs

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29
Q

What would happen if no terminal electron acceptor was available for the ETC

A

fermentation

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30
Q

What is fermentation

A

extraction of energy from carbs without oxygen present

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31
Q

List some things that would happen if there was no final electron acceptor

A

ETC would not run
Krebs would not run well
ATP would not be produced as richly (NOT A LOT)

NADH is not oxidized to NAD+
Lack of NAD+ could slow glycolysis

Stopped glycolysis would stop all ATP production
Lack of ATP kills cells

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32
Q

what is the last compound to receive an electron in an electron transport chain

A

oxygen

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33
Q

breaking of glucose with a lack of oxygen is referred to as

A

fermentation

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34
Q

Does fermentation require oxygen

A

No

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35
Q

What process uses a pyruvic acid as the electron acceptor to produce NAD+

A

fermentaion

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36
Q

What process allows some ATP to still be made with the help of NAD+ allowing glycolysis to run

A

fermentaion

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37
Q

What processes does fermentation use and not use (3)

A

only uses glycolysis not ETC or Krebs

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38
Q

In fermentation, _____ is used to allow _____ to run which produces ____

A

NAD+ Glycolsyis ATP

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39
Q

What are the two types of fermentation

A

Lactic Acid fermentation and Alcohol Fermentation

40
Q

When our bodies use too much oxygen before it can be restored to muscles we switch to what

A

lactic acid fermentation (lack of O2, body can still run temp to make ATP)

41
Q

A lack of oxygen inside of the muscle cells resulted in

A

lactic acid fermentation

42
Q

What microbe is known for doing alcohol fermentation

A

yeast

43
Q

Do WE do fermentation

A

Yes and no

Brain: no, we need O2 all the time
Body: yes, in our muscles this occurs

44
Q

Could an organism live off of the energy of fermentation alone with no respiration?

A

Yes, the yeast can

any fermenting bacteria would be fine, this is not a threat to them

45
Q

What happens to the pyruvic acid chemically during fermentation

A

broken down into ethanol and CO2

46
Q

What is the most ATP fermentation can make

A

2 ATP

47
Q

What is one word to describe how the metabolism of bacteria works

A

Amphibolic

48
Q

When we lose weight, where does it go

A

atoms are exhaled, burn fat as CO2 leaves body

49
Q

Proteins, carbs and lipids can all lead to what pathway

A

ETC

50
Q

Fats can run part of what pathway

A

glycolysis

51
Q

proteins cannot run which pathway

A

glycolysis

52
Q

proteins and fats can do some of what

A

fermentation

53
Q

Amphibolic means

A

the metabolism of bacteria can run in both directions, body has other ways to make ATP
- proteins, fats, lipids

54
Q

Anabolic vs Catabolic pathways

A

anabolic: build-up
catabolic: break down

55
Q

Glucose becoming ATP is what kind of breakdown

A

catabolic

56
Q

NAD+ to NADH is an example of what kind of breakdown/build up

A

Catabolic

57
Q

NADP+ to NADPH is an example of what kind of breakdown/build up

A

anabolic

58
Q

What would happen if we had a huge surplus of carbs

A

metabolism breakdown would follow in other directions, amphibolic pathways

59
Q

What would happen if we had a large buildup of ATP

A

glycolysis would stop (making too much ATP)

60
Q

What would happen with a large amount of lipids

A

store the fats

61
Q

What happens if you lack proteins

A

slow metabolism

62
Q

What happens if you are missing a member of the Krebs Cycle?

A

Krebs generates the energy we need either through anaerobic or aerobic process
without this lack of NADH would impact other pathways

63
Q

What is considered to be the most important anabolic reaction in cells

A

Photosynthesis

64
Q

Photosynthesis makes _____ out of _____ and ______

A

sugar out of light and CO2

65
Q

What process does chlorophyll capture light

A

Photosynthesis

66
Q

What process builds it own pathway using NADPH

A

Photosynthesis

67
Q

Photosynthesis uses an ETC for

A

ATP
charge NADPH

68
Q

What makes sugar from light and CO2

A

Photosynthesis

69
Q

Do microbes have a chloroplasts

A

No

70
Q

How do microbes get energy: (3 ways)

A

light, food, other chemicals

71
Q

How can we easily identify/classify microbes

A

By how they get their energy and atoms (Nutritional Classification)

72
Q

Nutritional Classification of microbes include what names:

A

Phototrophs
-Photoheterotrophs
-Photoautotrophs

Chemotrophs
-Chemoheterotrophs
-Chemoautotrophs

73
Q

Phototrophs are what

A

light eaters

74
Q

Chemotrophs are what

A

chemical eaters (inorganic compounds)

75
Q

Autotrophs are what

A

eat alone/atoms out of thin air

76
Q

Heterothrops

A

eat other things

77
Q

Chemotrophs that consume CO2

A

chemoautotrophs

78
Q

Chemotrophs that eat organic compounds

A

Chemohetertophic

79
Q

Chemohetertophic with oxygen

A

all animals, most fungi, protozoa, and bacteria
HUMANS

80
Q

Chemohetertophic without O2

A

fermentation: organic compound (carbon)
ETC: inorganic compound (carbon)

81
Q

inorganic compound vs organic

A

inorganic has no carbon
organic has carbon

82
Q

Phototrophs with CO2

A

Photoautotrophs

H20 to CO2: yes (oxygenic photosyntheis)
No H20 to CO2: (anoxygenic photosynthesis)

83
Q

light eaters with oxygen

A

photoheterotrophs

84
Q

What eats light and organic compounds

A

photohetertrophic

85
Q

What eats light and inorganic compounds

A

photoautotrophs

86
Q

What eats chemicals and organic compounds

A

chemohetertrophs

87
Q

What eats chemicals and organic compounds

A

chemoheterotrophs

88
Q

What nutritional classification do we fall into

A

chemohetrotrophs (aerobic)
- carbon source is the organic compound, final electron acceptor is oxygen

89
Q

What does the nutritional classification mean about human

A

strenght of our body comes from the body of those who eat
- every breath in life is a gift
-some green thing that made O2 for us to breathe
-our ability to live for the sake of something else being sacrificed is a gift

90
Q

How is fermentation connected to respiration

A

With anaerobic respiration: still, make ATP without O2 through this process of fermentation.

There are two types of fermentation called ethanol and lactic acid fermentation.

91
Q

What is metabolism

A

what we eat is converted to energy

92
Q

What would a plant be categorized as

A

photoautotrophs

93
Q

When does fermentation run, what goes in and our

A

absence of O2, anaerobic respiration

-starts with glucose in glycolysis
-pyruvic acid
-produce NAD+ to be recycled

94
Q

How can pyruvic acid be used by cells

A

Pyruvic acid supplies energy to cells through the Krebs cycle

95
Q

how do proteins amd lipids realte to metabolism

A

Amphibolic: connect with the pathways of glucose catabolism.

96
Q

Compare and contrast anaerobic respiration and fermentation

A

fermentation does not undergo Krebs cycle and electron transport chain anaerobic respiration undergoes all

both produce small ATP without O2

General Microbiology (4 decks)

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