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General Microbiology > 8/29 Prokaryote Anatomy > Flashcards

8/29 Prokaryote Anatomy Flashcards

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1
Q

Identify the three basic shapes of bacteria

A

-coccus (spherical)
cocci
-bacillus (rod-shaped)
bacilli
-spiral (twisted/curved)
vibrio, spirillum, spirochete

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2
Q

Describe the structure and function (4) of the glycocalyx

A

structure: capsule, slime layer, or extracellular polysaccharide (gelatinous polysaccharide or polypeptide covering) sugar coat

function:
-capsules may protect pathogens from phagocytosis,
-enable adherence to the surface,
-prevent desiccation,
-may provide nutrients

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3
Q

Flagella vs axial filaments structure

A

Flagella: relatively long filamentous appendages consisting of a filament, hook, and basal body
-flagellin are chains that wind together to make hollow filament, and attach to the basal body via a hook

axial filaments: flagella wrapped under cellular sheath moves like a corkscrew

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4
Q

Flagella vs axial filament purpose

A

flagella: rotate to push the cells, motile bacteria exhibit taxis

axial filament: spirochete, flagella wrapped under cellular sheath moves like corkscrew

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5
Q

relatively long filamentous appendages consisting of a filament, hook, and basal body.

A

flagella

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6
Q

Flagella wrapped under cellular sheath, moves like a corkscrew

A

axial filaments

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7
Q

help cells adhere to surfaces

A

fimbriae

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8
Q

involved in twitching motility and DNA transfer

A

pili

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9
Q

Short, skinny, few or many attachment

A

fimbirae

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10
Q

Longer, only one or two, motion or sex (DNA transfer)

A

pili

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11
Q

Fimbriae vs pili

A

fimbriae: helps cells adhere to surfaces
-short, skinny, few attachments

pili: involved in twitching motility and DNA transfer
-longer than fimbriae, only one or two, motion or sex DNA

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12
Q

Thick layer of peptidoglycan (+/-)

A

gram-positive

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13
Q

Thin layer of peptidogycan (+/-)

A

gram-negative

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14
Q

teichoc acid (+/-)

A

Gram-positive

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15
Q

Outer membrane

A

gram-negative

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16
Q

What is the prokaryotic plasma membrane?

A

every prokaryotic cell has a cell membrane: a plasma membrane that separates the cell from the outside environment
-serve as barriers and gatekeepers

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17
Q

What encloses the cytoplasm

A

plasma membrane

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18
Q

gelatinous liquid that fills the inside of the cell

A

cytoplasm

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19
Q

Cytoplasm

A

gelatinous liquid that fills the inside of a cell

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20
Q

What is selectively permeable

A

plasma membrane

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21
Q

Describe the structure, chemistry, and functions of the prokaryotic plasma membrane

A

Structure: phospholipid bilayer, polar head, and non-polar tail
Chemistry: fluid mosaic model: phospholipids, cholesterol, proteins, carbs
functions: Plasma membranes contain enzymes for metabolic reactions, such as nutrient breakdown, energy production, and photosynthesis.

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22
Q

Describe the structure, chemistry, and functions of the prokaryotic plasma membrane

A

Structure: phospholipid bilayer, polar head, and non-polar tail, proteins throughout

Chemistry: fluid mosaic model: phospholipids, cholesterol, proteins, carbs

functions: Plasma membranes contain enzymes for metabolic reactions, such as nutrient breakdown, energy production, and photosynthesis.
-selectively permeability

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23
Q

Plasma membrane selectively permeable

A

Bring in: Nutrients
Send out: Waste
Keep in: Proteins
Keep out: Toxins

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24
Q

Simple Diffusion

A

molecules and ions move until equilibrium is reached
-uncharged flows from high to low

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25
Q

molecules and ions move until equilibrium is reached
-uncharged flows from high to low

A

simple diffusion

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26
Q

facilitated diffusion

A

substances are transported by transporter proteins across membranes from areas of high to low concentration

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27
Q

substances are transported by transporter proteins across membranes from areas of high to low concentration.

A

facilitated diffusion

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28
Q

osmosis is an example of what kind of diffusion

A

faciliated

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29
Q

osmosis

A

Osmosis is the movement of water from areas of high to low concentration across a selectively permeable membrane until equilibrium is reached.

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30
Q

movement of water from areas of high to low concentration across a selectively permeable membrane until equilibrium is reached.

A

osmosis

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31
Q

Group Translocation is what kind of transport

A

active

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32
Q

Group Translocation

A

In group translocation, energy is expended to modify chemicals and transport them across the membrane.

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33
Q

energy is expended to modify chemicals and transport them across the membrane.

A

group translocation

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34
Q

functions of nucleoid

A

The nucleoid contains the DNA of the bacterial chromosome.

Bacteria can also contain plasmids, which are circular, extrachromosomal DNA molecules

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35
Q

Contains the DNA of the bacterial chromosome

A

nucleoid

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36
Q

What kind of ribosomes do prokaryotes contain and what do they consist of

A

The cytoplasm of a prokaryote contains numerous 70S ribosomes; ribosomes consist of rRNA and protein.

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37
Q

Protein synthesis occurs at

A

ribosomes

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38
Q

Inclusions

A

reserve deposits found in prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells

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39
Q

What kind of inclusions are there (7)

A
  1. Metachromatic Granules
  2. Polysaccharide Granules
  3. Lipid Inclusions
  4. Sulfur Granules
  5. Carboxysomes
  6. Gas Vacuoles
  7. Magnetosomes
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40
Q

Cells may accumulate certain nutrients when they are plentiful and use them when the environment is deficient is a common function of an:

A

inclusion

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41
Q

Endospores

A

resting structures formed by some bacteria; they allow survival during adverse environmental conditions.

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42
Q

resting structures formed by some bacteria; they allow survival during adverse environmental conditions.

A

endospores

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43
Q

What develops only when nutrients are gone, has many layers, and is incredibly resilient

A

endospores

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44
Q

Diplo:
Strepto:
Staphylo:

A

pairs, chains, clusters

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45
Q

Cocci
Bacilli
Vibrio

A

spherical
rods
curved rods

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46
Q

Spirillum
Spirochete
Monomorphic
Pleomorphic

A

corkscrew, rigid
spiral, flexible
single shape
many shapes

47
Q

Monomorphic

A

single shape of bacteria

48
Q

Four external structures of bacteria

A

glycocalyx, flagella, fimbria, pili

49
Q

Protective layer of sugars outside a cell

A

glycocalyx

50
Q

What are the three options that glycocalyx have for sugar coats

A
  1. capsules: protects bacteria
  2. slime layer: sticky gooey stuff that comes out of bacteria, stick to surfaces
  3. Extracellular polymeric substances EPS: covers a whole community of bacteria
51
Q

When can biofilms form

A

Extracellular polymeric substances EPS: when lots of bacteria live in a group, they all share this protective layer that helps them adhere to surface

52
Q

Slime layer is what

A

sticky gooey layer that ozzes out of bacteria, allows it to stick to teeth, rocks, not as protective

53
Q

Why don’t bacilli form clusters

A

when they divide with bacilli, gets longer, splits in the middle, forms streptobacilli

54
Q

Why can coccus from clusters

A

don’t always have to divide perfectly straight, may pick up some more coccus and form piles

55
Q

Flagellar (H) protein is a…

A

an antigen

56
Q

Three pars to the flagella

A

filament: whip/tail
hook: attachment point
basal body: motor

57
Q

what is filament and where is it found

A

1 repeating protein in flagella tail

58
Q

Taxis refers to

A

Intentional movement, towards or away from stimulus

59
Q

What are four things that all bacteria includes

A

Cytoplasm, ribosomes, plasma membrane, and a nucleoid

fluid, protein makers, selectively permeable, containing DNA

60
Q

What ia bacteria without flagella

A

atrichous

61
Q

Name the four types of flagella

A
  1. peritrichous: all over
  2. monotrichous: only one on one end
  3. lophotrichous: clump on one end
  4. amphitrichous: stuff on both ends
62
Q

twitching motility and gliding motility are used in what for what reasons

A

twitching motility: is the grappling hook method in pili for DNA transfer, pili makes contact with another pili

gliding motility: pili microbe retraction, for traveling in environments with low water content such as biofilms

63
Q

which bacterial movement results in microbes traveling in environments with low water content that may form biofilms

A

gliding motility: pili

64
Q

peptidoglycan is also know as

A

murein

65
Q

How does penicillin interfere with the cell walls of bacteria?

A

interfers with the final linkage of peptidoglycan
- cell wall is weakened and underoges lysis
the destruction caused by rupture of the plasma membrane and loss of cytoplasm

66
Q

the destruction caused by rupture of the plasma membrane and loss of cytoplasm

A

lysis

67
Q

Name components of Gram-Positive walls

A
  • thick peptidoglycan layers
    -teichoic acid
    -no outer membrane
    -structural stability
    -easy to stain
68
Q

Name components of Gram-Negative walls

A

-thin (1) layer of peptidoglycan
-outer membrane that wraps around the cell
-resistant to chemical attacks
-no teichoic acids
-harder for antibiotics to get to it, harder to stain

69
Q

what attaches to the cell via basal body

A

flagella

70
Q

What attaches the to basal body via hook

A

filament

71
Q

What types of cell walls the bacteria have

A

gram-posiive and gram-negative

72
Q

Role of cell wall

A

shape and protection
disease and antibiotics

73
Q

What gives bacteria its shape

A

cell walls

74
Q

What are the cell walls made out of

A

Peptidoglycan: sugars and proteins
- sugars have NAG and NAM
-proteins have peptides

75
Q

Chain-link fence refers to

A

proteins in one direction and sugar another
-peptides NAG,NAM

76
Q

The outer membrane of a gram-negative bacteria is called

A

lipid bilayer (has an outer membrane)

77
Q

Functions of plasma membrane

A

Plasma membranes contain enzymes for metabolic reactions, such as nutrient breakdown, energy production, and photosynthesis.

metabolism: - Only membrane the cell has Chromatophores and Mesosomes
- Helps make ATP
- Can help in photosynthesis

selectively permeable

78
Q

what serves as a selective barrier through which materials enter and exist the cell

A

plasma membrane

79
Q

What is the function of chromatophers

A

photosynthesis: plasma membrane cheats

80
Q

What is the function of mesosmes

A

make ATP: plasma membrane cheats

81
Q

What are the two kinds of movements

A

active and passive

82
Q

passive processes include what 3 things

A

simple diffussion, faciliated, osmosis

83
Q

In active transport cells must use what to cross

A

energy to go against the concentration gradient

84
Q

In ____molecules and ions move until equilibrium is reached.

A

simple diffusion

85
Q

substances are transported by transporter proteins across membranes from areas of high to low concentration.

A

faciliated

86
Q

movement of water from areas of high to low concentration across a selectively permeable membrane until equilibrium is reached.

A

osmosis

87
Q

materials move from areas of low to high concentration by transporter proteins, and the cell must expend energy.

A

active transport

88
Q

energy is expended to modify chemicals and transport them across the membrane.

A

group translocation

89
Q

how does simple diffusion differ from facilitated diffusion

A

both do not expend enegy and move from high to low

difference is that facilitated diffusion uses transporters

90
Q

three types of osmosis solutions

A

isotonic, hypotonic, and hypertonic

91
Q

what happens to a cell in isotonic solution

A

If a cell is placed in an isotonic solution, there will be no net flow of water into or out of the cell, and the cell’s volume will remain stable

92
Q

what happens to a cell if it is placed in a hypotonic solution

A

well and expand until it eventually burst

93
Q

what happens to a cell if it is placed in a hypertonic solution

A

the net movement of water will be out of the body and into the solution. A cell placed into a hypertonic solution will shrivel and die

94
Q

Aquaporins purpose and where it is found

A

let water molecules flow in and out of concentration gradient to whatever side it wants

found in osmosis

95
Q

What is it called when cells accumulate certain nutrients when they are plentiful and use them when the environment is deificient

A

inclusions

96
Q

What makes endospores and what does it contain

A

some gram-positive
puts DNA into special compartments
-wraps in layers of sugar, lipids, membranes, and proteins

97
Q

Molecules and ions move until equilibrium is reached

A

simple diffusion

98
Q

substances are transported by transporter proteins across membranes from areas of high to low concentration

A

faciliated diffusion

99
Q

movement of water from areas of high to low concentration across a selectively permeable membrane until equilibrium is reached

A

osmosis

100
Q

materials move from high to low concentraion by the transporter proteins and the cell must expend energy

A

active transport

101
Q

energy is expended to modify chemicals and transport them across the membrane

A

group translocation

102
Q

Endospore formation is called a:
It is initiated by:
The formation of a new cell from an endospore is called:
This process is triggered by:

A

sporogenesis
certain adverse environmental conditions
germination
favorable growth conditions

103
Q

What part of the cell: provides protection from osmosis lysis

A

cell wall

104
Q

What part of the cell: resting

A

endospores

105
Q

What part of the cell: attachment to surfaces

A

fimbriae

106
Q

What part of the cell: motility

A

flagella

107
Q

What part of the cell: attachment to surfaces, protection from phagocytosis

A

glycocalyx

108
Q

What part of the cell: motility and transfer of genetic material

A

pili

109
Q

What part of the cell: formation and selective permeability

A

plasma membrane

110
Q

What part of the cell: protein sysntheis

A

ribosomes

111
Q

Why is an endospore called a resting structure? What advantages does it provide to bacterial cells?

A

a cell can rest or survive with endospores by allowing it to withstand adverse conditions in the environment
highly durable to conditions in environment for numerous decades

112
Q

Transport will always require what

A

ENERGY

113
Q

Fimbriae is never used for

A

motility

General Microbiology (4 decks)

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