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unit 9- neurology > 9-2 Central Nervous System > Flashcards

9-2 Central Nervous System Flashcards

1
Q

The spinal cord is located within the?

A

vertebral canal

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2
Q

What protects the spinal cord?

A
  • vertebral column
  • vertebral ligaments
  • meninges
  • cerebrospinal fluid
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3
Q

What are the three layers of the meninges?

A
  • dura mater
  • arachnoid mater
  • pia mater
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4
Q

Which layer of meninges:

  • is the outer most layer
  • tough dense connective tissue
A

dura mater

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5
Q

Which layer of meninges:

  • middle layer
  • resembles spider web
  • extends into the subarachnoid space
A

arachnoid mater

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6
Q

Which layer of meninges:

  • inner layer
  • thin and delicate
  • adheres to the surface of the spinal cord and brain
  • contains blood vessels
A

pia mater

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7
Q

Subarachnoid space is between the arachnoid and pia mater and is filled with?

A

cerebrospinal fluid

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8
Q

Describe the location of the epidural space?

A

between vertebrae and dura mater

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9
Q

The spinal cord extends from the ______ to the?

A
  • medulla oblongata

- 2nd lumbar vertebrae

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10
Q

What are the two grooves that divide the spinal cord into two hemispheres?

A
  • anterior median fissure

- posterior median sulcus

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11
Q

Where is the central canal located?

What is it filled with?

A
  • in the center of the gray matter

- cerebrospinal fluid

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12
Q

The spinal cord has how many pairs of spinal nerves?

A

31

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13
Q

What are two bundles of axons that connect each spinal nerve to a segment of the cord?

A

roots

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14
Q 
What contains sensory axons which conduct nerve impulses from
sensory receptors (afferent)?
A

posterior root

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15
Q

What contains axons of motor neurons (autonomic and somatic)

which conduct nerve impulses from the CNS to the effectors (efferent)?

A

anterior root

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16
Q

Has tracts that serve as highways for nerve impulses

A

white matter

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17
Q

What receives and integrates incoming and outgoing

information and is a site for integration of reflexes?

A

gray matter

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18
Q

What structure contains:

  • neuronal cell bodies
  • dendrites
  • unmyelinated axons
  • axon terminals
  • neuroglia
A

gray matter

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19
Q

Gray matter is subdivided into left and right regions called?

A

horns

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20
Q

Each left and right region of the gray matter has how many horns?
-What are the names? (relative to their position)

A
  • 3

- anterior, lateral, posterior

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21
Q

Which portion of the gray matter contains cell bodies and axons of neurons as well as axons of incoming sensory neurons?

A

posterior horn

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22
Q

Which portion of the gray matter contains cell bodies of somatic motor neurons that provide impulses for contraction of muscles?

A

anterior (ventral) gray horns

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23
Q

The lateral horn is only present in the?

A

thoracic and upper lumbar segments

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24
Q

What portion of the gray matter contains cell bodies of autonomic motor neurons that regulate the cardiac muscle, smooth muscle, and glands?

A

lateral gray horns

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25
Q

What has myelinated axons, gray or white matter?

A

white matter

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26
Q

What consists of axons that conduct nerve impulses toward the brain?

A

sensory (ascending) tract

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27
Q

What is an example of the sensory tract?

A

spinothalamic tract

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28
Q

What consists of axons that conduct nerve impulses away from the brain?

A

motor (descending) tract

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29
Q

What is an example of the motor tracts?

A

corticospinal tract

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30
Q

Fast, involuntary sequences of actions in response to stimuli

A

reflexes

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31
Q

Reflexes can be classified as?

A
  • simple

- complex

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32
Q

What are the two levels of reflexes?

A
  • spinal reflex

- cranial reflex

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33
Q

Which level of reflex is this:

  • simple
  • reflex arc
  • example: patellar reflex
A

spinal reflex

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34
Q

Which level of reflex is this:

  • simple
  • occurs in the brainstem
  • example: gag reflex
A

cranial reflex

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35
Q

Spinal nerve are part of which nervous system?

A

peripheral

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36
Q

Spinal nerves connect the ____ to the ______ receptors and muscles of the body

A
  • CNS

- sensory

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37
Q

How many pairs of spinal nerves are there?

A

-31 pairs

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38
Q

How many pairs of spinal nerves are in the cervical region?

-Thoracic?

A
  • 8

- 12

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39
Q

How many pairs of spinal nerves are in the lumbar region?

  • sacral?
  • coccyx?
A
  • 5
  • 5
  • 1
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40
Q

Each spinal nerve is connected to the spinal cord by which roots?

A
  • anterior (motor) root

- posterior (sensory) root

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41
Q

Sensory information goes through which root?

A

dorsal

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42
Q

Motor information goes through which root?

A

anterior

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43
Q

Individual axons are wrapped in?

A

endoneurium

44
Q

Groups of axons arranged in bundles are called?

A

fascicles

45
Q

Fascicles are wrapped in?

A

perineurium

46
Q

What is the superficial covering over the entire nerve?

A

epineurium

47
Q

Many spinal nerve branches join axons from adjacent nerves to form networks called?

A

plexuses

48
Q

Which plexus supplies the posterior head, neck, upper part of the shoulder and the diaphragm?

A

cervical plexus

49
Q

What is an example of a cervical plexus?

  • which vertebrae?
  • what is the action
A
  • phrenic nerve
  • c3,c4,c5
  • innervates the diaphragm to contract
50
Q

Which plexus supplies the upper limbs, some neck and shoulder muscles?

A

brachial plexus

51
Q

What are the three examples of the brachial plexus?

-Which vertebrae are they associated with?

A
  • radial nerve (C5-T1)
  • ulnar nerve (C8-T1)
  • axillary nerve (C5-C6)
52
Q

Which plexus supplies the abdominal wall, external genitals and parts of lower limbs?

A

lumbar plexus

53
Q

What is an example of a cervical plexus?

-which vertebrae?

A
  • femoral nerve

- L2- L4

54
Q

Which plexus supplies buttocks, perineum, and most of the lower limbs?

A

sacral plexus

55
Q

What is an example of a cervical plexus?

-which vertebrae?

A
  • sciatic nerve

- L4-S3

56
Q

Spinal nerves T2-T11 are called?

A

intercostal nerves

57
Q

The intercostal nerves supply muscles of the ______, between the ______, and the skin of the ______ and ______.

A
  • abdomen
  • ribs
  • chest and back
58
Q

What two structures protect the brain?

A
  • cranium

- cranial meninges

59
Q

The brain is only ___% of the body’s weight, but requires __% of the body’s oxygen supply.

A
  • 2

- 20

60
Q

How long can the brain go without oxygen before it leads to permanent damage?

A

4 minutes

61
Q

A circulatory anastomosis that supplies blood to brain and

surrounding structures; stems from the two internal carotid arteries.

A

circle of willis

62
Q

The circle of willis stems from how many carotid arteries?

A

2

63
Q

Clear, colorless liquid that cushions the brain, carries oxygen, glucose and other needed chemicals from the blood to neurons and removes waste.

A

cerebrospinal fluid

64
Q

Where is the cerebrospinal fluid produced?

A

choroid plexus

65
Q

What are the four major parts of the brain?

A
  • brain stem
  • diencephalon
  • cerebellum
  • cerebrum
66
Q

Which part of the brain is this:

  • continuous with spinal cord
  • contains the medulla oblongata, ponds, midbrain
A

brain stem

67
Q

Which part of the brain is this:

  • superior to brain stem
  • contains thalamus, hypothalamus, and pineal gland
A

diencephalon

68
Q

Which part of the brain is this:

  • posterior/inferior
  • balance, equilibrium, and coordination
  • “little brain”
A

cerebellum

69
Q

Which part of the brain is the largest and most superior part?

A

cerebrum

70
Q

What are the major regions of the brain stem?

A
  • medulla oblongata
  • pons
  • midbrain
71
Q

Which region of the brain stem does this describe:

  • cardiovascular center regulates the rate and force of the heart and the diameter of the blood vessels
  • medullary rhythmically area regulates breathing
A

medulla oblongata

72
Q

Which region of the brain stem does this describe:

  • nuclei associated with touch, pressure, vibration, and proprioception
  • contains nuclei associated with cranial nerves VII-XII (8-12)
A

medulla oblongata

73
Q

Nuclei associated with touch, pressure, vibration, and proprioception lie in the posterior portion of the?

A

medulla

74
Q

“bridge” which connects the medulla to the midbrain and above

A

pons

75
Q

Which region of the brain stem does this describe:

  • contains ascending (sensory) and descending (motor) tracts
  • connects left to right sides of the brain
A

pons

76
Q

Which region of the brain stem contains nuclei that:

  • motor relay from cerebrum to cerebellum
  • helps control breathing
  • associated with cranial nerves V
A

pons

77
Q

Which region of the brain stem is described:

  • connects the pons to the diencephalon
  • cerebral peduncles
  • substantia nigra
  • red nuclei
  • superior/inferior colliculi
A

mid brain

78
Q

Large tracts that contain axons of motor neurons from

cerebrum to the rest of brainstem and spinal cord

A

cerebral peduncles

79
Q

Loss of which neurons are related to Parkinson disease?

A

substantia nigra

80
Q

The midbrain contains nuclei associated with which cranial nerves?

A

III and IV

81
Q

Involved in scanning eye movement and responses to visual

stimuli

A

superior colliculi

82
Q

Response to auditory input and startle reflux

A

inferior colliculi

83
Q

What are the three major regions of the diencephalon?

A
  • thalamus
  • hypothalamus
  • pineal gland
84
Q

Which region of the diencephalon is this:

  • major sensory relay center
  • contributes to motor function
  • plays role in consciousness
A

thalamus

85
Q

Which region of the diencephalon is this:

  • Important for homeostasis
  • Control of pituitary and hormone production
  • Control and integration of the ANS
  • Control of body temperature
A

hypothalamus

86
Q

Which region of the diencephalon is this:

  • Regulation of emotional and behavior patterns
  • Regulation of eating and drinking
  • Regulation of circadian rhythms, sleep and awakening patterns
A

hypothalamus

87
Q

Which region of the diencephalon is this:

-secretes melatonin which promotes sleepiness and contributes to setting the body’s biological clock

A

pineal gland

88
Q

How many hemispheres are in the cerebellum?

A

2

89
Q

Which major portion of the brain has these functions:

  • sensory input from muscles, joints, tendons, eyes,
  • equilibrium receptors in inner ears and visual receptors
  • helps to smooth and coordinate skeletal muscle contractions
  • helps execute skilled motor activities
  • regulates posture and balance
A

cerebellum

90
Q

Broad band of white matter containing axons that connect the right and left spheres internally

A

corpus callosum

91
Q

What is the one ganglia that is in the CNS?

A

basal ganglia

92
Q

What are the folds of the cerebrum called?

A

gyri (gyrus)

93
Q

What are the shallow grooves of the cerebrum called?

A

sulci (sulcus)

94
Q

Each hemisphere has how many lobes?

-what are they?

A

4

  • frontal
  • parietal
  • temporal
  • occipital
95
Q

What separates the frontal and parietal lobe?

A

central sulcus

96
Q

What is the primary somatosensory area?

A

postcentral gyrus

97
Q

What lobe is the primary visual area?

A

occipital lobe

98
Q

What lobe is the primary auditory area?

A

temporal lobe

99
Q

What is the primary motor area?

A

precentral gyrus oft he frontal lobe

100
Q

Ring of structures on inner border of cerebrum and floor of diencephalon

A

limbic system

101
Q

What is also called the emotional brain?

A

limbic system

102
Q

-Plays primary role in pain, pleasure, anger, affection and in
behavior
-Controls the nervous system’s involuntary behavior related to survival
-Functions with parts of the cerebrum in memory development

A

limbic system

103
Q

Which hemisphere is important for spoken and written language, numerical and scientific skills, and reasoning

A

left side

104
Q

Which hemisphere is more involved with spatial and pattern recognition, emotional content of language, generating images of sight, sound, taste, and smell?

A

right side

105
Q

What is cranial nerve I?

A

olfactory

unit 9- neurology (4 decks)

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