9-2 Central Nervous System Flashcards
The spinal cord is located within the?
vertebral canal
What protects the spinal cord?
- vertebral column
- vertebral ligaments
- meninges
- cerebrospinal fluid
What are the three layers of the meninges?
- dura mater
- arachnoid mater
- pia mater
Which layer of meninges:
- is the outer most layer
- tough dense connective tissue
dura mater
Which layer of meninges:
- middle layer
- resembles spider web
- extends into the subarachnoid space
arachnoid mater
Which layer of meninges:
- inner layer
- thin and delicate
- adheres to the surface of the spinal cord and brain
- contains blood vessels
pia mater
Subarachnoid space is between the arachnoid and pia mater and is filled with?
cerebrospinal fluid
Describe the location of the epidural space?
between vertebrae and dura mater
The spinal cord extends from the ______ to the?
- medulla oblongata
- 2nd lumbar vertebrae
What are the two grooves that divide the spinal cord into two hemispheres?
- anterior median fissure
- posterior median sulcus
Where is the central canal located?
What is it filled with?
- in the center of the gray matter
- cerebrospinal fluid
The spinal cord has how many pairs of spinal nerves?
31
What are two bundles of axons that connect each spinal nerve to a segment of the cord?
roots
What contains sensory axons which conduct nerve impulses from sensory receptors (afferent)?
posterior root
What contains axons of motor neurons (autonomic and somatic)
which conduct nerve impulses from the CNS to the effectors (efferent)?
anterior root
Has tracts that serve as highways for nerve impulses
white matter
What receives and integrates incoming and outgoing
information and is a site for integration of reflexes?
gray matter
What structure contains:
- neuronal cell bodies
- dendrites
- unmyelinated axons
- axon terminals
- neuroglia
gray matter
Gray matter is subdivided into left and right regions called?
horns
Each left and right region of the gray matter has how many horns?
-What are the names? (relative to their position)
- 3
- anterior, lateral, posterior
Which portion of the gray matter contains cell bodies and axons of neurons as well as axons of incoming sensory neurons?
posterior horn
Which portion of the gray matter contains cell bodies of somatic motor neurons that provide impulses for contraction of muscles?
anterior (ventral) gray horns
The lateral horn is only present in the?
thoracic and upper lumbar segments
What portion of the gray matter contains cell bodies of autonomic motor neurons that regulate the cardiac muscle, smooth muscle, and glands?
lateral gray horns
What has myelinated axons, gray or white matter?
white matter
What consists of axons that conduct nerve impulses toward the brain?
sensory (ascending) tract
What is an example of the sensory tract?
spinothalamic tract
What consists of axons that conduct nerve impulses away from the brain?
motor (descending) tract
What is an example of the motor tracts?
corticospinal tract
Fast, involuntary sequences of actions in response to stimuli
reflexes
Reflexes can be classified as?
- simple
- complex
What are the two levels of reflexes?
- spinal reflex
- cranial reflex
Which level of reflex is this:
- simple
- reflex arc
- example: patellar reflex
spinal reflex
Which level of reflex is this:
- simple
- occurs in the brainstem
- example: gag reflex
cranial reflex
Spinal nerve are part of which nervous system?
peripheral
Spinal nerves connect the ____ to the ______ receptors and muscles of the body
- CNS
- sensory
How many pairs of spinal nerves are there?
-31 pairs
How many pairs of spinal nerves are in the cervical region?
-Thoracic?
- 8
- 12
How many pairs of spinal nerves are in the lumbar region?
- sacral?
- coccyx?
- 5
- 5
- 1
Each spinal nerve is connected to the spinal cord by which roots?
- anterior (motor) root
- posterior (sensory) root
Sensory information goes through which root?
dorsal
Motor information goes through which root?
anterior
Individual axons are wrapped in?
endoneurium
Groups of axons arranged in bundles are called?
fascicles
Fascicles are wrapped in?
perineurium
What is the superficial covering over the entire nerve?
epineurium
Many spinal nerve branches join axons from adjacent nerves to form networks called?
plexuses
Which plexus supplies the posterior head, neck, upper part of the shoulder and the diaphragm?
cervical plexus
What is an example of a cervical plexus?
- which vertebrae?
- what is the action
- phrenic nerve
- c3,c4,c5
- innervates the diaphragm to contract
Which plexus supplies the upper limbs, some neck and shoulder muscles?
brachial plexus
What are the three examples of the brachial plexus?
-Which vertebrae are they associated with?
- radial nerve (C5-T1)
- ulnar nerve (C8-T1)
- axillary nerve (C5-C6)
Which plexus supplies the abdominal wall, external genitals and parts of lower limbs?
lumbar plexus
What is an example of a cervical plexus?
-which vertebrae?
- femoral nerve
- L2- L4
Which plexus supplies buttocks, perineum, and most of the lower limbs?
sacral plexus
What is an example of a cervical plexus?
-which vertebrae?
- sciatic nerve
- L4-S3
Spinal nerves T2-T11 are called?
intercostal nerves
The intercostal nerves supply muscles of the ______, between the ______, and the skin of the ______ and ______.
- abdomen
- ribs
- chest and back
What two structures protect the brain?
- cranium
- cranial meninges
The brain is only ___% of the body’s weight, but requires __% of the body’s oxygen supply.
- 2
- 20
How long can the brain go without oxygen before it leads to permanent damage?
4 minutes
A circulatory anastomosis that supplies blood to brain and
surrounding structures; stems from the two internal carotid arteries.
circle of willis
The circle of willis stems from how many carotid arteries?
2
Clear, colorless liquid that cushions the brain, carries oxygen, glucose and other needed chemicals from the blood to neurons and removes waste.
cerebrospinal fluid
Where is the cerebrospinal fluid produced?
choroid plexus
What are the four major parts of the brain?
- brain stem
- diencephalon
- cerebellum
- cerebrum
Which part of the brain is this:
- continuous with spinal cord
- contains the medulla oblongata, ponds, midbrain
brain stem
Which part of the brain is this:
- superior to brain stem
- contains thalamus, hypothalamus, and pineal gland
diencephalon
Which part of the brain is this:
- posterior/inferior
- balance, equilibrium, and coordination
- “little brain”
cerebellum
Which part of the brain is the largest and most superior part?
cerebrum
What are the major regions of the brain stem?
- medulla oblongata
- pons
- midbrain
Which region of the brain stem does this describe:
- cardiovascular center regulates the rate and force of the heart and the diameter of the blood vessels
- medullary rhythmically area regulates breathing
medulla oblongata
Which region of the brain stem does this describe:
- nuclei associated with touch, pressure, vibration, and proprioception
- contains nuclei associated with cranial nerves VII-XII (8-12)
medulla oblongata
Nuclei associated with touch, pressure, vibration, and proprioception lie in the posterior portion of the?
medulla
“bridge” which connects the medulla to the midbrain and above
pons
Which region of the brain stem does this describe:
- contains ascending (sensory) and descending (motor) tracts
- connects left to right sides of the brain
pons
Which region of the brain stem contains nuclei that:
- motor relay from cerebrum to cerebellum
- helps control breathing
- associated with cranial nerves V
pons
Which region of the brain stem is described:
- connects the pons to the diencephalon
- cerebral peduncles
- substantia nigra
- red nuclei
- superior/inferior colliculi
mid brain
Large tracts that contain axons of motor neurons from
cerebrum to the rest of brainstem and spinal cord
cerebral peduncles
Loss of which neurons are related to Parkinson disease?
substantia nigra
The midbrain contains nuclei associated with which cranial nerves?
III and IV
Involved in scanning eye movement and responses to visual
stimuli
superior colliculi
Response to auditory input and startle reflux
inferior colliculi
What are the three major regions of the diencephalon?
- thalamus
- hypothalamus
- pineal gland
Which region of the diencephalon is this:
- major sensory relay center
- contributes to motor function
- plays role in consciousness
thalamus
Which region of the diencephalon is this:
- Important for homeostasis
- Control of pituitary and hormone production
- Control and integration of the ANS
- Control of body temperature
hypothalamus
Which region of the diencephalon is this:
- Regulation of emotional and behavior patterns
- Regulation of eating and drinking
- Regulation of circadian rhythms, sleep and awakening patterns
hypothalamus
Which region of the diencephalon is this:
-secretes melatonin which promotes sleepiness and contributes to setting the body’s biological clock
pineal gland
How many hemispheres are in the cerebellum?
2
Which major portion of the brain has these functions:
- sensory input from muscles, joints, tendons, eyes,
- equilibrium receptors in inner ears and visual receptors
- helps to smooth and coordinate skeletal muscle contractions
- helps execute skilled motor activities
- regulates posture and balance
cerebellum
Broad band of white matter containing axons that connect the right and left spheres internally
corpus callosum
What is the one ganglia that is in the CNS?
basal ganglia
What are the folds of the cerebrum called?
gyri (gyrus)
What are the shallow grooves of the cerebrum called?
sulci (sulcus)
Each hemisphere has how many lobes?
-what are they?
4
- frontal
- parietal
- temporal
- occipital
What separates the frontal and parietal lobe?
central sulcus
What is the primary somatosensory area?
postcentral gyrus
What lobe is the primary visual area?
occipital lobe
What lobe is the primary auditory area?
temporal lobe
What is the primary motor area?
precentral gyrus oft he frontal lobe
Ring of structures on inner border of cerebrum and floor of diencephalon
limbic system
What is also called the emotional brain?
limbic system
-Plays primary role in pain, pleasure, anger, affection and in
behavior
-Controls the nervous system’s involuntary behavior related to survival
-Functions with parts of the cerebrum in memory development
limbic system
Which hemisphere is important for spoken and written language, numerical and scientific skills, and reasoning
left side
Which hemisphere is more involved with spatial and pattern recognition, emotional content of language, generating images of sight, sound, taste, and smell?
right side
What is cranial nerve I?
olfactory
