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UNIT 9- Neurology > 9-1 Nervous Tissue > Flashcards

9-1 Nervous Tissue Flashcards

1
Q

What are the structures of the nervous system?

8

A
  • brain
  • spinal cord
  • cranial nerves
  • spinal nerves
  • sensory receptors
  • ganglia
  • enteric plexus
  • sensory receptors in the skin
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2
Q

The brain is surrounded by the _____ and contains about ________.

A
  • skull

- 100 billion neurons

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3
Q

The spinal cord connects to the _____ and is surrounded by the bones of the?

A
  • brain

- vertebral column

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4
Q

The spinal cord contains about how many neurons?

A

100 million

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5
Q

What structures are contained in the central nervous system (CNS)?

A
  • brain

- spinal cord

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6
Q

What structures are contained in the peripheral nervous system (PNS)?

A
  • cranial nerves
  • spinal nerves
  • ganglia
  • enteric plexus
  • sensory receptors in skin
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7
Q

How many cranial nerves are there?

Where do they emerge from?

A
  • 12 pairs

- from the base of the brain

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8
Q

How many spinal nerves are there?

Where do they emerge from?

A
  • 31 pairs

- from the spinal cord

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9
Q

What are:
specialized cells that monitor change in the internal and external environment?
-Example?

A

sensory receptors

-photoreceptors in the retina of the eye

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10
Q

What are:
small masses of nervous tissue consisting of neuronal cell bodies that are located outside the brain and spinal cord?
-Example?

A

ganglia

-dorsal root ganglion

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11
Q

What is:
Extensive network of nerves that are located in the walls of the
gastrointestinal tract that help regulate the digestive system?

A

enteric plexus

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12
Q

What are the complex tasks carried out by the nervous system?

A
  • sensing smell
  • touch
  • temperature
  • producing speech
  • remembering past events
  • provides signals that control body movement
  • regulates operation of internal organs
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13
Q

What are the three basic functions of the nervous system?

A
  • Sensory function
  • Integrative function
  • motor function
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14
Q

Is sensory function afferent or efferent?

A

afferent (conducting inward or to something)

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15
Q

Which of the three functions of the nervous system is defined as:
-Detect internal and external stimuli and carry information into brain and spinal cord via cranial and spinal nerves.

A

sensory function

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16
Q

Which function of the nervous system is:

  • Perception = awareness of sensory input
  • Analyzing and storing information to help lead to appropriate responses
A

integrative function

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17
Q

Which function of the nervous system is defined as:
-Once integration occurs the brain may elicit motor response to muscles or glands (effectors) via cranial and spinal nerves.

A

motor function

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18
Q

Is motor function afferent or efferent?

A

efferent

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19
Q

Nervous tissue consist of what two types of cells?

A
  • neurons

- neuroglia

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20
Q

Provide most of the unique functions of the nervous system, such as thinking, sensing, remembering, and controlling.

A

neurons

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21
Q

Support, nourish, protect the neurons and maintain homeostasis in the interstitial fluid around neurons

A

neuroglia

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22
Q

What are the 4 parts of a neuron?

A
  • cell body
  • dendrites
  • axon
  • axon terminals
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23
Q

Which part of the neuron does this describe:

Contains a nucleus, cytoplasm, and typical organelles

A

cell body

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24
Q

Which part of the neuron does this describe:

Highly branched structures that carry impulses to the cell body

A

dendrites

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25
Q

Which part of the neuron does this describe:

Conducts away from cell body toward another neuron, muscle, or gland

A

axon

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26
Q

Which part of the neuron does this describe:

Contain synaptic vesicles that can release neurotransmitters

A

axon terminals

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27
Q

What are the two processes (extensions) that emerge from the cell of most neurons?

A
  • dendrites

- axon

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28
Q

What is:

-the site where two neurons or a neuron and an effector cell can communicate?

A

synapse

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29
Q

Where are neurotransmitters stored?

A

in the synaptic vesicles

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30
Q

What are the three structural classes of neurons?

A
  • multipolar
  • bipolar
  • unipolar
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31
Q 
Which structural class of neuron:
Have several or many dendrites and one axon
A

multipolar

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32
Q

Which structural class of neuron is the most common type in the brain and spinal cord?

A

multipolar

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33
Q 
Which structural class of neuron:
Have one dendrite and one axon
A

bipolar

34
Q

Where are bipolar neurons found?

A
  • retina of the eye
  • inner ear
  • olfactory area of the brain
35
Q 
Which structural class of neuron:
Have fused dendrite and axon
A

unipolar

36
Q

The dendrites of most unipolar neurons function as?

A

sensory receptors

37
Q

Most unipolar neurons are located in the?

A

ganglia of spinal and cranial nerves

38
Q

What are the three functional classes of neurons?

A
  • sensory
  • motor
  • interneurons
39
Q 
Which functional class of neuron:
Convey impulses into CNS through the cranial or spinal nerves
A

sensory

40
Q 
Which functional class of neuron:
Convey impulses away from the CNS ( through cranial/spinal nerves) to the PNS to effectors (muscles or glands)
A

motor

41
Q

Most sensory neurons are ______ in structure.

A

unipolar

42
Q

Most motor neurons are _________ in structure.

A

multipolar

43
Q

Which functional class of neuron:

  • located within the CNS
  • transmit impulses between neurons
A

interneurons

44
Q

Most interneurons are __________ in structure.

A

multipolar

45
Q

What are:

Cells are smaller but much more numerous than neurons and make up about half the volume of the CNS

A

neuroglia

46
Q

What are the 3 functions of neuroglia?

A
  • do not generate or conduct nerve impulses
  • support, nourish and protect neurons
  • in case of injury/disease, multiply to fill space formerly occupied by neurons
47
Q

What are the 6 types of neuroglia?

MEAOSS

A
  • microglia
  • ependymal cells
  • astrocytes
  • oligodendrocytes
  • schwann cells
  • satellite cells
48
Q

Which type of neuroglia forms the blood brain barrier?

A

astrocytes

49
Q

Which type of neuroglia produce myelin in the CNS?

A

oligodendrocytes

50
Q

Which type of neuroglia protects CNS cells from disease?

A

microglia

51
Q

Which type of neuroglia form CSF in ventricles?

A

ependymal cells

52
Q

Which type of neuroglia produce myelin around PNS neurons?

A

schwann cells

53
Q

Which type of neuroglia support neurons in PNS ganglia?

A

satellite cells

54
Q

What is a:

many-layered covering composed of lipid and protein surrounding the axon of most neurons?

A

myelin sheath

55
Q

What insulates the axon and speeds up the nerve impulse?

A

myelin sheath

56
Q

Gaps in the myelin sheath along the axon are called?

A

nodes of ranvier

57
Q

What happens to the amount of myelin from birth to maturity?

A

it increases

58
Q

Disease, such as ______ and _______ destroy the myelin sheath.

A
  • multiple sclerosis

- tay-sachs

59
Q

What is a cluster of cell bodies in the PNS?

A

ganglion

60
Q

What is a cluster of cell bodies located in the CNS?

A

nucleus

61
Q

What is a bundle of axons that are located in the PNS?

A

nerve

62
Q

What is a bundle of axons located in the CNS?

A

tract

63
Q

Tracts interconnect neurons in the _____ and the ______.

A
  • spinal cord

- brain

64
Q

White matter is composed primarily of?

A

myelinated axons

65
Q

Gray matter contains:

A
  • cell bodies
  • dendrites
  • unmyelinated axons
  • axon terminals
  • neuroglia
66
Q

Describe how white and gray matter are located in the brain

A

Gray matter in thin cortex surrounds white matter

67
Q

Describe how white and gray matter are located in the spinal cord

A

White matter surround centrally located gray matter

“H” or “butterfly”

68
Q

Axons and dendrites in the PNS can be repaired if the cell body is in intact and if what is functional?

A

schwann cells

69
Q

What 2 factors effect regeneration of the CNS system?

A
  • very limited even if the cell body is intact

- inhibited by neuroglia and by lack of fetal growth-stimulator cues

70
Q

Neurons communicate with one another by means of?

otherwise called nerve impulses

A

action potential

71
Q

Action potential in muscle and neurons depends on what two basic features?

A
  • resting membrane potential

- ion channels

72
Q

When muscle and neurons are “at rest” (not conducting action potentials), the voltage across cell membrane is called?

A

resting membrane potential

73
Q

What allows ions to move by diffusion from high to low concentration?

A

ion channels

74
Q

What are the two types of ion channels in muscle fibers and neurons?

A
  • leak channels

- voltage channels

75
Q

What is the source of thoughts, emotions, and memories?

A

CNS

76
Q

The PNS can be subdivided into what 3 categories?

A
  • somatic nervous system (SNS)
  • autonomic nervous system (ANS)
  • enteric nervous system (ENS)
77
Q

Convey info from head, body wall, limbs, and from receptors for special senses (vision, hearing, taste, smell) to the CNS

A

sensory neurons of the SNS

78
Q

Conduct impulses from CNS to skeletal muscles only (voluntary control)

A

motor neurons of the SNS

79
Q

Convey information from receptors in the visceral organs (stomach and lungs) to CNS

A

sensory neurons of the ANS

80
Q

Conduct impulses from CNS to smooth muscles, cardiac muscles, and glands (involuntary control)

A

muscle neurons of the ANS

81
Q

What is the “brain of the gut”?

A

ENS

UNIT 9- Neurology (4 decks)

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