9/16-9/18--Information Processing Flashcards
Ismara
Does a language Impaired client only have impairments in language?
No, they have problems in other areas as well, not just language
What does it take to learn language?
ability to perceive sequenced acoustic events of short duration
ability to attend actively, be responsive, anticipate stimuli
ability to use symbols
ability to invent syntax from the language of the environment
mental energy to do all of the above.
ability to interact & communicate with others
Draw the information processing model
…
What are the 4 steps to information processing?
- attention
- discrimination
- organization
- memory/retrieval
Describe attention
automatic activation in the brain
orientation that focuses awareness
focus
brain focuses on stimulus and creates a “neural” or mental model in working memory so that further processing can occur
Do we always attend to all stimuli?
no.
A child who attends poorly may miss important stimuli, what will this result in?
poor discrimination
What is discrimination?
the ability to identify stimuli from a group of competing stimuli and decide if they are similar or dissimilar to the model stored in working memory
What is “working memory”
this is the place where information is kept active by systematic coding, storage, access, retrieval.
for example, an incoming or outgoing sentence is held here while it is processed
There muse be enough memory capacity to handle complex information while encoding and decoding information–while still being flexible.
Describe Organization
Information is categorized for storage and later retrieval
What does effective organization of information lead to?
easy later retrieval
What does ineffective organization affect?
it negatively impacts later recall and overloads memory
What does efficient processing rely on?
good organization which leaves room for more information
if there are greater associations formed what happens?
there is better memory and retrieval
What is memory/retrieval?
- the storing and retrieval of information
- storage capacity grows and accurate, fast retrieval speeds up with maturity in typically developing systems
- it is easiest to retrieve information that has been retrieved often, has few competing items in memory, has distinct environmental cues, and that was learned recently and well
Describe Long-Term Memory
This is the “place” where previously learned information is organized and stored for retrieval when needed
Describe Transfer/Generalization
- this is the application of learned material to new problems, previously unlearned materials, and unfamiliar contexts
- This is not one of the four steps, but is vital for learning
What is near transfer?
Minimal difference between learned information and the new area (easier)
What is far transfer?
a substantial difference between the two (harder)
As we grow and develop linguistically and cognitively, what happens on many levels at the same time?
processing
At bottom levels, what is occurring?
shallow processing/perceptual analysis
At top levels, what is occurring?
elaborate; associating the new information with stored knowledge in the brain. Leads to better memory because of associations formed
What is bottom up processing?
brand new concepts, concepts unrelated to stored information, and less complex stimuli are 1st processed perceptually at bottom levels and are then forwarded to working memory to be encoded and stored in long-term memory.
What is top down processing?
with elaborate stimuli, such as language, higher or top level processes analyze the incoming information to see how it “fits” (linguistic knowledge; word knowledge, etc.) Language is “heard in relation to guesses based on previously stored linguistic information. NEAR AND FAR TRANSFER AID IN THIS.
What is executive function responsible for?
planning, cognitive flexibility, abstract thinking, rule acquisition, initiating actions, and selecting relevant sensory information
What does the brains Central Executive Function determine?
the cognitive resources needed and monitors and controls their application while controlling the flow of information.
What is CEF responsible for?
selective attention and coordination and inhibition of stimuli and concepts
What may children with LI exhibit difficulty with in terms of Central Executive functioning?
the ways in which they attend to and perceive information and the ways in which concepts are represented
What is the definition of Executive Function?
the planning processes we automatically use at the beginning of a task and when dealing with new stimulation
intact executive functions lead to activities such as anticipating, selecting goals, planning, initiating activities, self-regulation, self monitoring, etc..
When someone has executive DYSfunction, what may they have problems with?
- recalling information
- planning or organization or sequencing information meaningfully
- problems integrating new information
- problems pulling diverse but related information together to derive higher meaning
- maintaining goal-directed behavior
- dealing with new situations
- thinking flexibly
- behavior problems
- noncompliance
- disorganization
- disinhibition/lack of impulse control
- recalling and restating information (verbal instructions, text, personal experiences)
- problems following multi-step directions and completing multi-step tasks
- problems defining a goal and breaking it down into manageable steps
Difficulty with what may impact a client’s ability to process information effectively?
executive function
Why do Children with LI have difficulty?
b/c of the way they attend to and perceive information and the ways in which concepts are represented
read my notes on 9/18/14 pg. 4 in navy blue. just need to read it. i don’t think we need to memorize this part
….
What is MR/ID/DD defined as?
originates before age 18
substantial limitations in present functioning
significantly sub-average (2 Sd below mean of 100=IQ of 68), intellectual functioning, co-occurring with limitations in 2 or more adaptive ares: communication, self care, etc…
significant limitations in intellectual functioning and the adaptive behavior ares noted in conceptual, social, and practical skill.
**must meet all criteria to be considered a person with an ID
What is considered “average” in a normal curve?
w/in 1 SD of Mean
What is our magic # in the school system?
77.5 (ON AT LEAST 2 MEASURES)
in Public schools 1.5 SD from the mean is severe enough to qualify for services
