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Question 1

The aging process is impacted by a number of demographic factors

Answer 1

sex, marital status, ethnicity, socioeconomic status

Question 2

sex

Answer 2

mortality rates are lower among females than males; morbidity (illness and disability) rates are higher among females than males

Question 3

Mortality morbidity paradox

Answer 3

men die sooner but women are sicker

Question 4

Life expectancy at birth gap between males and females is decreasing over time

Answer 4

Life expectancy at birth in 2022 for males is 76.9, females 81.9
Sex difference is 5

Life expectancy at birth in 2062 for males is 87.6, females 89.2
Sex difference is 1.6

Question 5

what has led to the closing of the gap between life expectancy between women and men

Answer 5

increase of lung cancer and smoking among women and decrease of smoking in men

Question 6

men are more likely to die from —– issues than women

Answer 6

mortality issues (cancer, heart disease)

Question 7

women exhibit higher levels of — than men

Answer 7

morbidity(death from chronic illness)

Question 8

higher percentage of —– that are disabled in older age than men among Canadians

Answer 8

females

Question 9

Factors that mediate (explain) the relationship between sex and mortality and morbidity rates include:

Answer 9

physiological factors (ie hormones),

health related habits(ie routine doctor visits)

risk taking behavior (alchohol use),

occupation

socioeconomic factors

integration into social networks

Question 10

Physiological factors

Answer 10

Estrogen in women play protective role against cardiovascular disease, bone loss, and cognitive decline

X chromosomes in women help

Question 11

Health-related habits:

Answer 11

women are more likely than men to perform health-related habits (ie eating healthier, visiting doctor)

Question 12

Risk taking behavior

Answer 12

males still consume more tobacco than females

Males are more likely to engage in violent behaviors than women

Question 13

Occupation

Answer 13

Men are more likely to women to be exposed to hazardous work conditions (ie military service, construction)

Question 14

Socioeconomic status

Answer 14

Increased morbidity among females (Women experience more poverty than men)

Women are paid less than men

Question 15

Integration into social networks

Answer 15

Men are less likely to be integrated into social networks than females

Females tend to have a more extensive network

Question 16

Marital status:

Answer 16

mortality and morbidity rates are lower among individuals who are married than individuals who are never married, divorced, or widowed

Question 17

marital status continue

Answer 17

Greater benefits are observed among married males than married females

Female partner may discourage risky behavior among male partner

Women introduce men to social networks (crucial for male health and longevity)

Question 18

Ethnicity:

Answer 18

limited Canadian research with ethnicity, mortality, and morbidity. Substantial body of american research suggests that ethnicity influences mortality and morbidity rates

Question 19

ETHNICITY continued

Answer 19

Failure to draw distinction between visible minority individuals born in canada and individuals born elsewhere

Small sample sizes

Research in canada fails to account for the meaning of health among different cultures

Research has not been validated to assess what they’re supposed to assess in different cultural groups

The influence of ethnicity on mortality and morbidity is complex and has changed over time

Question 20

Factors that mediate the relationship between ethnicity and mortality and morbidity rates include:

Answer 20

foreign birth

differential migration/immigration patterns (immigrant vs refugee),

health related habits(consumption of low fat diet)

medicinal use(use of traditional medicines)

language fluency

experiences of discrimination,

access to (culturally responsive) health services

socioeconomic status

Question 21

Most immigrants who migrate to the west tend to have —– and have longer longevity than those born in canada

Answer 21

better health

Immigrants are more able to self select (they are more educated, have occupational skills)

Question 22

——- have poorer health than immigrants

Answer 22

refugees; refugees are forced to migrate

struggle with significant mental health problems due to trauma from original country

Question 23

ethnicity and aging

Answer 23

Different ethnic groups have different health habits

Experiences of discrimination contribute to ill health and increase mortality

Failure to have culturally responsive health services to indigenous groups
~Need for Embracing compassion and resilience in these health services for indigenous

Lower socioeconomic status leads to poorer health

Deficit model looks at weaknesses of refugees,

Question 24

socioeconomic status (SES)

Answer 24

mortality and morbidity rates are lower among individuals who are of high ses than individuals who are of low SES

Question 25

SES defined by

Answer 25

Highest level of education (researchers tend to rely on this to determine SES)

Question 26

Factors that mediate the relationship between SES and mortality and morbidity rates include

Answer 26

health-related habits (consumption of a low-fat diet)

utilization of health services (yearly mammograms)

self perceived health(How we perceive health has an influence)

Question 27

SES cont

Answer 27

For a given individuals, these demographic variables(ie:refugee, poc) interact, producing a unique developmental trajectory across the life span
Collectively, these demographic variables contribute to individual differences in the aging process

Question 28

Research is needed to examine the impact of disadvantages related to multiple demographic variables on the aging process

Answer 28

For example, women of color may be subject to multiple (ie double) jeopardy and cumulative disadvantage in older adulthood