9/10

Question 1

1)chronological age:

Answer 1

Reflects time elapsed since birth

Measured in days, months, and/or years

Question 2

2)biological age:

Answer 2

Reflects functioning in relation to chronological age

Measured through performance on indicators of biological capacity

Ie: does the participant perform at a level that is characteristic of individuals who are chronologically younger or older than the participant?

Question 3

3)psychological age

Answer 3

Reflects psychological functioning in relation to chronological age

Measured through performance on indicators of psychological capacity(emotional functioning, memory, reaction time)

Ie: does the participant perform at a level that is characteristic of individuals who are chronologically younger or older than the participant?

Question 4

4)Social age

Answer 4

Reflects social functioning in relation to chronological age

Measured through self-reports and observer ratings of behaviors, life events (ie:marriage) and social roles (ie:parent) that are associated with distinct chronological ages

Question 5

5)subjective age

Answer 5

Reflect felt age (self perceived age)

Measured through self-reports of felt age (how old do you feel?

Ie: does the participant feel older or younger than their chronological age?

Question 6

1)Primary aging

Answer 6

Time from birth

changes that occur over time in response to universal, intrinsic, and progressive alterations in bodily systems, reflects normative and irreversible age-related processes (ie: skin wrinkling, grey hair, puberty, etc)

Question 7

2)Secondary aging

Answer 7

Time to disability

Changes that occur over time in response to abnormalities or disease in bodily systems; reflects preventable or reversible disease/disability- related processes (ie: skin cancer)

Question 8

what is distinction between primary and secondary aging?

Answer 8

disease

Question 9

3)tertiary aging

Answer 9

changes that occur rapidly at the end of life in response to marked losses across multiple areas of functioning; reflects mortality related processes (ie: terminal drop-occurs 1-5 years before end of life)

Question 10

Terminal drop(tertiary aging)

Answer 10

drastic decline in cognitive decline

Question 11

older adulthood is characterized as

Answer 11

65 years and older

Question 12

to capture inter-individual differences (diversity) among older adults, researcher further distinguish between

Answer 12

Young-old:65-74 years
Old-old 75-84 years
Oldest-old: 85 years and older

Question 13

Third age

Answer 13

years spanning retirement to the onset of age related declines, characterized by health and vitality

Question 14

Fourth age

Answer 14

years following the onset of age-related declines, characterized by reduced health and mobility and increased dependence

Question 15

What methods do researchers use to study adulthood and aging?

Answer 15

Researchers rely on scientific method
Scientific method is characterized by systematic and objective observation
theory->hypothesis->operationalization->research-> observations (all interactive relationship)

Question 16

Theory:

Answer 16

proposed explanation or interpretation of the relations among constructs

Question 17

Construct:

Answer 17

a conceptual or hypothetical variable that cant be directly observed

Examples of constructs: aggressiveness, optimism, intelligence, self-esteem

Question 18

1)Experimental Method

Answer 18

The researcher will
Randomly assigns participants to groups that will receive different levels of the hypothesized “causal” or IV

Question 19

2)Quasi-experimental Method

Answer 19

Contrast two or more existing groups on a variable of interest

No random assignment (comparing the innate difference of the participants themselves), can not determine causality

Question 20

3)Correlational Studies

Answer 20

Examine the extent to which 2 naturally-occurring variables covary

The degree to which the variables covary is typically quantified by the

Pearson product-moment correlation coefficient “r”

Magnitude of r: 0.00-1.00, strength of the relationship betwe

Question 21

4)Case Studies

Answer 21

Generate theory, illustrate theory, or examine rare phenomena through in-depth analysis on one person or a small group of people

Most published in psyc research

Question 22

5)Meta-analytic studies

Answer 22

Combine the results of multiple studies (ie: experimental studies, quasi experimental studies)

Allows researchers to pool data using different research methodologies

Question 23

meta-analytic studies continued

Answer 23

Obtains all published studies on the phenomenon of interest

Calculates an effect size for each study

Effect size (magnitude of difference between two groups) is typically quantified by cohen’s d (d)

In contrast to r, d may exceed +/- 1.00
~d= +/- 0.20 reflects a small effect size
~d= +/- 0.50 reflects a moderate effect size
~d= +/- 0.80 reflects a large effect size

Averages the effect sizes across all studies