9/10 Flashcards
1)chronological age:
Reflects time elapsed since birth
Measured in days, months, and/or years
2)biological age:
Reflects functioning in relation to chronological age
Measured through performance on indicators of biological capacity
Ie: does the participant perform at a level that is characteristic of individuals who are chronologically younger or older than the participant?
3)psychological age
Reflects psychological functioning in relation to chronological age
Measured through performance on indicators of psychological capacity(emotional functioning, memory, reaction time)
Ie: does the participant perform at a level that is characteristic of individuals who are chronologically younger or older than the participant?
4)Social age
Reflects social functioning in relation to chronological age
Measured through self-reports and observer ratings of behaviors, life events (ie:marriage) and social roles (ie:parent) that are associated with distinct chronological ages
5)subjective age
Reflect felt age (self perceived age)
Measured through self-reports of felt age (how old do you feel?
Ie: does the participant feel older or younger than their chronological age?
1)Primary aging
Time from birth
changes that occur over time in response to universal, intrinsic, and progressive alterations in bodily systems, reflects normative and irreversible age-related processes (ie: skin wrinkling, grey hair, puberty, etc)
2)Secondary aging
Time to disability
Changes that occur over time in response to abnormalities or disease in bodily systems; reflects preventable or reversible disease/disability- related processes (ie: skin cancer)
what is distinction between primary and secondary aging?
disease
3)tertiary aging
changes that occur rapidly at the end of life in response to marked losses across multiple areas of functioning; reflects mortality related processes (ie: terminal drop-occurs 1-5 years before end of life)
Terminal drop(tertiary aging)
drastic decline in cognitive decline
older adulthood is characterized as
65 years and older
to capture inter-individual differences (diversity) among older adults, researcher further distinguish between
Young-old:65-74 years
Old-old 75-84 years
Oldest-old: 85 years and older
Third age
years spanning retirement to the onset of age related declines, characterized by health and vitality
Fourth age
years following the onset of age-related declines, characterized by reduced health and mobility and increased dependence
What methods do researchers use to study adulthood and aging?
Researchers rely on scientific method
Scientific method is characterized by systematic and objective observation
theory->hypothesis->operationalization->research-> observations (all interactive relationship)
Theory:
proposed explanation or interpretation of the relations among constructs
Construct:
a conceptual or hypothetical variable that cant be directly observed
Examples of constructs: aggressiveness, optimism, intelligence, self-esteem
1)Experimental Method
The researcher will
Randomly assigns participants to groups that will receive different levels of the hypothesized “causal” or IV
2)Quasi-experimental Method
Contrast two or more existing groups on a variable of interest
No random assignment (comparing the innate difference of the participants themselves), can not determine causality
3)Correlational Studies
Examine the extent to which 2 naturally-occurring variables covary
The degree to which the variables covary is typically quantified by the
Pearson product-moment correlation coefficient “r”
Magnitude of r: 0.00-1.00, strength of the relationship betwe
4)Case Studies
Generate theory, illustrate theory, or examine rare phenomena through in-depth analysis on one person or a small group of people
Most published in psyc research
5)Meta-analytic studies
Combine the results of multiple studies (ie: experimental studies, quasi experimental studies)
Allows researchers to pool data using different research methodologies
meta-analytic studies continued
Obtains all published studies on the phenomenon of interest
Calculates an effect size for each study
Effect size (magnitude of difference between two groups) is typically quantified by cohen’s d (d)
In contrast to r, d may exceed +/- 1.00
~d= +/- 0.20 reflects a small effect size
~d= +/- 0.50 reflects a moderate effect size
~d= +/- 0.80 reflects a large effect size
Averages the effect sizes across all studies
