9/11 & 9/16-Foundations of Assessment Flashcards
IC- 9/16 (starting at card 17)
What is the definition of Assessment?
the process of collecting valid and reliable information, integrating it, and interpreting it to make a judgment or decision about something
What is a “good” assessment? (5 things)
- a good assessment is thorough
- a good assessment uses a variety of assessment modalities
- a good assessment is valid
- a good assessment is reliable
- a good assessment is tailored to the individual client
What are the 7 steps in completing an assessment?
- obtain historical information
- interview
- oral peripheral examination
- sample and evaluate the client’s speech/language abilities and/or swallowing abilities
- screen hearing
- evaluate assessment information to determine conclusions and recommendations
- share clinical findings
What is the definition of validity?
the test truly measures what it claims to measure
What are the different types of validities?
- face validity
- content validity
- construct validity **
- criterion validity (concurrent & predictive)
What is face validity?
it appears to measure what it claims based on appearance and judgment
what is content validity?
the completeness of the test— ie: a valid artic test will look @ ALL the English phonemes
What is construct validity?
the ability to measure a predetermined theoretical construct
–a widely accepted standard**
What is criterion validity
based on external criteria
there is concurrent and predictive criterion validity
what is concurrent validity?
tests the validity compared to a widely accepted standard
What is predictive validity?
given a later situation or a later time it predicts what will happen (ie: GRE predicts how well you will do in grad school)
What is reliability?
results are replicable; consistent results on repeated administrations
what is test-retest reliability?
a tests stability over time
what is split-half reliability?
compare 1/2 of the test to the other 1/2 of the test.. the two sides should be consistent
What is rater reliability?
same person or different person should be able to obtain similar result, especially w/ standardized assessments!
What should standardized tests include?
- purpose of the test
- test construction and development
- administration and scoring procedures
- normative sample group/statistical information
- test reliability
- test validity
What is the most important take away about assessment?
Pick the tool appropriate for your work setting
What are norm assessments?
Standardized assessments where client is compared to the average
What is the mean?
average score & it determines the peak of a bell shape curve
What is the mode?
most frequent score
What is the median?
middle score
What is standard deviation?
The distribution away from the group average
In a normal distribution bell curve what percentage of people will fall within 1 SD away from the mean?
68% (34% on each side)
In a normal distribution bell curve what percentage of people will fall within 2 SD away from the mean?
95% (47.5% on each side)
In a normal distribution bell curve what percentage of people will fall within 3 SD away from the mean?
99% (49.85% on each side)
Why is SD so important for qualifying for services?
You must have 2 test scores that result in less than or greater than 2 SD from the mean in order to qualify for services
What is the z score?
- Standard score
- It is a way of standardizing each score with reference to the rest of the scores
- Tells how many standard deviations the raw score is from the mean
- Shows where individual score lies along continuum of bell-shaped curve- how different score is from the average
What is the percentile rank?
- Another way of expressing individual standing compared to normal distributions
- The mean represents 50th percentile
- Tells percentage of people scoring at or below a given score
In order for a child to qualify for services in the school district they have to be below what standard score?
75
What is the stanine?
AKA- standard nine
- Based in a line unit scale where 5 depicts average performance (on a scale of 1-10)
- score based on average
- Most people (54%) score stanines of 4, 5, 6
- Few people (8%) score stanines of 1 or 9
What do standardized assessments give us?
- percentiles
- standard scores
- standard deviations
What makes a test standardized?
They have been:
- normed
- tested
- they have reliability
- they have validity
What is criterion-referenced tests?
- Identifies what a client can/cannot do compared to a predefined criterion
T/F
In a criterion referenced test you are comparing your clients skills to someone else
False
** this is a child who is preschool and he is at a 3 year old level. What would be my expectations of him and how does he deviate from what is expected from him?
T/F
Criterion referenced tests may or may not be standardized
True
What type of client is criterion referenced tests used primarily for?
- Neurological disorders
- fluency
- voice
- aspects of articulation/language
What is authentic assessment approach?
- Alternative assessment or nontraditional assessment
Describe the environment for an authentic assessment approach?
- a realistic environment
- ongoing
- requires more clinical skill, experience and creativity
What is the code of fair testing practices in education?
- We need to follow the established procedures
- Accomodate those with disabilities
- Accomodate those with cultural differences
- Selecting appropriate tests
- administering and scoring tests
- reporting and interpreting rest results
- informing test takers of the results of the assessment
- Guidelines for how long records need to be kept in locked cabinet
- test takers also have the right to obtain all copies of records
What does the code of ethics say for SLPs?
- You need to have a high standard of integrity and ethical principles
- Promote public understanding
- uphold dignity and autonomy
- be professional
- don’t do something you don’t have the qualification, education or skills to do
