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Year 8 Science > 8G Ecosystems > Flashcards

8G Ecosystems Flashcards

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1
Q

Name 2 things energy can be used for in your body.

A

To contract muscles, to keep your body temperature at a suitable level and to grow.

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2
Q

How do animals obtain energy?

A

Energy is released during respiration when glucose reacts with oxygen

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3
Q

What is the name of the chemical reaction that occurs in all of our body cells?

A

Respiration.

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4
Q

What is the word equation for the process of respiration?

A

Oxygen + glucose -> Carbon dioxide + water

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5
Q

What is required for aerobic respiration?

A

Glucose and oxygen

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6
Q

What happens to the waste products of respiration?

A

Diffuse into the blood and exhaled through the lungs.

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7
Q

What are the small building blocks of proteins?

A

Amino acids.

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8
Q

Name a carbohydrate found in plants.

A

Cellulose

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9
Q

When do athletes need to work without oxygen?

A

When they sprint or weightlift

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10
Q

What is the name for respiration without oxygen?

A

Anaerobic respiration.

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11
Q

What is the equation for this form of respiration?

A

Glucose -> lactic acid

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12
Q

Which type of respiration is more efficient?

A

Aerobic respiration.

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13
Q

What are the consequences of a build-up of lactic acid?

A

Muscle fatigue or cramp

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14
Q

What is an ‘oxygen debt’?

A

The amount of oxygen required to break down lactic acid.

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15
Q

In what 3 forms can energy be stored in animals?

A

Glycogen in muscles, glycogen in the liver and fat reserves.

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16
Q

What can the body use as a last resort for energy when all the glucose and stores are gone?

A

Protein.

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17
Q

What are the products of anaerobic respiration in plants?

A

Ethanol and carbon dioxide.

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18
Q

What is anaerobic respiration called in plants?

A

Fermentation.

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19
Q

What type of conditions will anaerobic respiration occur in plants?

A

In the roots of boggy or water logged soil.

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20
Q

What is a microbe?

A

Tiny organisms that we cannot see with the naked eye

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21
Q

Name the microbe that can carry out anaerobic and aerobic respiration.

A

Escherichia coli or yeast

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22
Q

What type of respiration occurs in bacteria far below the ocean’s surface?

A

Anaerobic

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23
Q

In the experiment described, why is sugar added to the yeast?

A

To provide glucose for respiration.

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24
Q

In the experiment described, why does the balloon inflate?

A

As carbon dioxide gas is produced.

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25
Q

What is the useful product of fermentation for brewing?

A

Ethanol

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26
Q

What is the useful product of fermentation for baking?

A

Carbon dioxide

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27
Q

What is ‘gasohol’?

A

a fuel containing a mixture of gasoline and alcohol

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28
Q

In the experiment described, why was sugar added to the yeast?

A

So the yeast could carry out respiration.

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29
Q

In the experiment described, what was the independent variable?

A

Temperature

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30
Q

In the experiment described, what was the dependent variable?

A

Number of bubbles of carbon dioxide

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31
Q

In the experiment described, identify 2 possible control variables.

A

Volume of yeast, volume of glucose, time counting bubbles.

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32
Q

What does the term repeatable mean?

A

Repeating the experiment gives two or more sets of measurements that are similar

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33
Q

What is the purpose of respiration?

A

To release energy in a form that animals can use.

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34
Q

What is the common reactant between aerobic and anaerobic respiration?

A

Glucose

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35
Q

Which form of respiration is more efficient?

A

Aerobic respiration.

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36
Q

What type of respiration occurs when you are sprinting?

A

Anaerobic respiration.

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37
Q

Where does aerobic respiration occur in a cell?

A

Mitochondria

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38
Q

Where does anaerobic respiration occur in a cell?

A

Cytoplasm

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39
Q

What is an enzyme?

A

A biological catalyst

40
Q

What does an enzyme do?

A

Increases the rate of a reaction/ helps to break up glucose molecules.

41
Q

What two reactants do plants need to produce glucose?

A

Carbon dioxide and water

42
Q

What are the products of photosynthesis?

A

Oxygen and glucose (and energy)

43
Q

When does photosynthesis occur?

A

During the daytime

44
Q

What does the plant use glucose for?

A

New growth and respiration.

45
Q

What is the name of the storage molecule of glucose?

A

Starch

46
Q

What chemical is used to test for starch?

A

Iodine

47
Q

Why is a leaf boiled in ethanol when testing for starch?

A

Kills the cells and removes chlorophyll

48
Q

Why are leaves green?

A

They contain chlorophyll (a green pigment)

49
Q

What is the name of the pigment found in leaves?

A

Chlorophyll

50
Q

Where does photosynthesis happen in a leaf cell?

A

Chloroplasts

51
Q

Which layer in the leaf is waterproof?

A

Waxy cuticle

52
Q

Why are upper epidermis cells transparent?

A

To allow light to pass through to the palisade cells

53
Q

Which layers in the leaf contain chloroplasts?

A

Palisade mesophyll and spongy mesophyll

54
Q

Why does the spongy mesophyll have air pockets?

A

To allow gases to move through the leaf

55
Q

What is the function of the stomata?

A

To control materials to flow in and out of the leaf

56
Q

Which cells control the opening and closing of the stomata?

A

Guard cells

57
Q

How do water and minerals enter the plant?

A

Through their roots

58
Q

What happens to cells if they do not have enough water?

A

They become flaccid

59
Q

Define the term transpiration.

A

The loss of water from a plant.

60
Q

Which part of the plant is water lost from?

A

Stomata

61
Q

What is the function of xylem cells?

A

They carry water and minerals

62
Q

What is the function of phloem cells?

A

They carry dissolved sugars

63
Q

Why do root hair cells have a large surface area?

A

To penetrate between soil particles.

64
Q

What is the function of the guard cells?

A

To open or close the stomata

65
Q

Define the term deficiency.

A

A lack or shortage of something.

66
Q

Describe a plant with a nitrate deficiency.

A

Poor growth and yellow leaves

67
Q

What is the function of magnesium?

A

To produce chlorophyll.

68
Q

What does the plant add to glucose to produce protein?

A

Nitrogen.

69
Q

What is a ‘macroelement’?

A

Minerals that plants use in large quantities.

70
Q

What can a farmer add to a field to replenish nutrients?

A

Fertilisers

71
Q

What elements are found in an NPK fertiliser?

A

Nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium

72
Q

Why is manure a better fertiliser than commercial fertilisers?

A

It is natural and longer lasting

73
Q

Why is glucose needed by a plant?

A

For growth and to increase biomass

74
Q

Which grows faster- a tundra moss or a tropical rainforest tree?

A

Tropical rainforest tree

75
Q

What is a limiting factor?

A

Something that limits the rate of photosynthesis

76
Q

Name the 3 limiting factors for photosynthesis.

A

Light intensity, carbon dioxide concentration and temperature.

77
Q

Why does increasing the concentration of carbon dioxide increase the rate of photosynthesis?

A

Carbon dioxide is a reactant of photosynthesis.

78
Q

Why does increasing light intensity increase the rate of photosynthesis?

A

Light is required for photosynthesis.

79
Q

What is an enzyme?

A

A biological catalyst

80
Q

What happens to the enzyme if temperature gets too high?

A

It denatures.

81
Q

What 3 factors affect the rate of photosynthesis?

A

Temperature, light intensity and carbon dioxide concentration.

82
Q

How can you measure the rate of photosynthesis in pondweed?

A

Count the bubbles given off

83
Q

What is the independent variable in the experiment?

A

Light intensity (distance from light source)

84
Q

What is the dependent variable in the experiment?

A

Number of bubbles produced.

85
Q

Name 2 possible control variables for the experiment.

A

Species of pond weed, acclimatisation time, time counting bubbles, temperature, colour of light.

86
Q

What is the function of sodium hydrogen carbonate?

A

Adds carbon dioxide to the water.

87
Q

Why is the pond weed left for 5 minutes before you count the bubbles?

A

To allow the plant to acclimatise (start photosynthesising)

88
Q

Why is an experiment repeated 3 times?

A

To calculate a mean.

89
Q

Why is it important to analyse data from an experiment?

A

To see if there are patterns in the data

90
Q

Which variable is drawn on the x-axis?

A

Independent

91
Q

Which variable is drawn on the y-axis?

A

Dependent

92
Q

How much of the page should a graph take up?

A

At least half a page

93
Q

How should points be plotted on the graph.

A

A small x

94
Q

What is considered in an evaluation?

A

Good and bad points, reliability, repeatability

95
Q

Define the term repeatable.

A

Repeating the experiment gives similar results.

96
Q

What will be drawn on the graph to show the trend in the data?

A

A line of best fit.

Year 8 Science (10 decks)

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