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Year 8 Science > 8D Organisms > Flashcards

8D Organisms Flashcards

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1
Q

What causes us to breathe in and out?

A

The brain controls movements in the chest.

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2
Q

Describe what occurs to the diaphragm during inhalation.

A

Contracts and flattens

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3
Q

Describe what occurs to the diaphragm during exhalation.

A

Relaxes and moves up

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4
Q

Describe what happens to pressure in the chest cavity during inhalation.

A

Pressure decreases

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5
Q

Describe what happens to pressure in the chest cavity during exhalation.

A

Pressure increases

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6
Q

What does the bell jar model represent?

A

The breathing system of an animal

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7
Q

Identify what the rubber sheet represents in the bell jar model.

A

The diaphragm

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8
Q

Describe what happens to the balloon in the bell jar model when the rubber sheet is stretched.

A

The balloon inflates

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9
Q

Define the term vital capacity/ lung volume.

A

The amount of air you can breathe out in a single breath

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10
Q

Name 2 ways of measuring lung volume

A

Blowing air into an upturned basin of water and Lung volume bags

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11
Q

Define the term independent variable.

A

The variable that we change.

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12
Q

Identify the students’ dependent variable in their investigation.

A

The vital capacity

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13
Q

What are the control variables in the student’s investigation?

A

Same age of pupils, same type of lung volume bags.

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14
Q

What is a hypothesis?

A

An idea of the outcome of an experiment

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15
Q

Describe the trend shown in investigation 2.

A

As height increases lung volume increased

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16
Q

Identify the height and lung capacity of the smallest adult male from investigation 2.

A

110cm height 1 litre lung capacity

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17
Q

Define the term vital capacity/ lung volume.

A

The amount of air you can breathe out in a single breath

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18
Q

Name 2 ways of measuring lung volume

A

Blowing air into an upturned basin of water and Lung volume bags

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19
Q

Define the term independent variable.

A

The variable that we change.

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20
Q

Identify the students’ dependent variable in their investigation.

A

The vital capacity

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21
Q

What are the control variables in the student’s investigation?

A

Same age of pupils, same type of lung volume bags.

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22
Q

What is a hypothesis?

A

An idea of the outcome of an experiment

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23
Q

Describe the trend shown in investigation 2.

A

As height increases lung volume increased

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24
Q

Identify the height and lung capacity of the smallest adult male from investigation 2.

A

110cm height 1 litre lung capacity

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25
Q

Name the gas that animals require for respiration.

A

Oxygen

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26
Q

Name the waste gas produced by respiration.

A

Carbon dioxide

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27
Q

Where does respiration take place?

A

In body cells

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28
Q

How do gases move through the alveoli and capillary walls?

A

Diffusion

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29
Q

Why are the alveoli moist?

A

To dissolve the gases

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30
Q

Why do the alveoli have a bumpy surface?

A

To increase the surface area

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31
Q

Define respiration.

A

A chemical reaction that takes place in body cells.

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32
Q

Define breathing.

A

The physical process of getting gases into and out of the body.

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33
Q

Describe 1 effect of regular exercise on our bodies.

A

Lung volume increases, intercostal muscles strengthen, number and size of blood capillaries increase.

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34
Q

What can cause asthma?

A

Inheritance, being born prematurely or being exposed to smoke as a young child.

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35
Q

Name 3 chemicals found in cigarettes.

A

Tar, Nicotine, carbon monoxide.

36
Q

What are cilia?

A

Tiny hairs in bronchioles.

37
Q

What causes a ‘smoker’s cough’?

A

When the cilia et stuck together by tar, so dirt enters the lungs.

38
Q

Why might someone need a lung transplant?

A

If they have severe lung damage.

39
Q

Define the term non-communicable disease.

A

Can not be passed from person to person.

40
Q

Give an example of a communicable disease.

A

Can be passed from person to person.

41
Q

Define the term bias.

A

Promoting a certain viewpoint

42
Q

Which disease is strongly associated with smoking cigarettes?

A

Lung cancer

43
Q

Why is it dangerous for a pregnant woman to smoke?

A

It can affect the foetus

44
Q

What is second hand smoke?

A

Breathing in smoke from someone else who is smoking

45
Q

Why did it take so long for scientists theories about smoking to be recognised?

A

Smoking was so common

46
Q

Name the 2 types of carbohydrates.

A

Starches and sugars

47
Q

Which food groups gives us energy?

A

Carbohydrates and lipids

48
Q

What is the function of protein in our diet?

A

Growth and repair of cells and tissue

49
Q

Why do we need energy in our bodies?

A

For movement and life processes

50
Q

What types of food contain a lot of vitamins and minerals?

A

Fresh fruit and vegetables

51
Q

What is the importance of vitamin C in our diet?

A

Repair of the skin

52
Q

Why is fibre important?

A

Keeps the large intestine working correctly

53
Q

What is energy measured in?

A

Kilojoules (kJ) or Calories (kcal)

54
Q

What does the term BMI stand for?

A

Body mass index

55
Q

How is our BMI calculated?

A

Measuring the height and weight of an individual.

56
Q

Name 2 physical problems that obesity can cause.

A

Pain in the joints, heart disease, high blood pressure and difficulties breathing.

57
Q

Name 2 physical problems that starvation can cause.

A

Severe weight loss, muscle loss, dry skin and hair, infertility and fatigue.

58
Q

Scurvy is caused by a deficiency of what vitamin?

A

Vitamin C

59
Q

What is the function of vitamin D?

A

Helps calcium absorb into bones and strengthens them

60
Q

What is iron used for in the body?

A

To make red blood cells.

61
Q

How can scurvy be treated?

A

Eating foods containing vitamin C.

62
Q

What is starch digested in to?

A

Glucose

63
Q

What is respiration?

A

A chemical reaction that releases energy from food.

64
Q

Where does the process of digestion start?

A

The mouth

65
Q

Where does digested food get absorbed into the blood?

A

The small intestine

66
Q

Give the name of the special chemical in saliva.

A

Enzymes

67
Q

What is the function of stomach acid?

A

To destroy any microorganisms that reach the stomach.

68
Q

What is emulsification?

A

Lipids being broken down.

69
Q

What is the function of the large intestine?

A

To absorb excess water into the blood

70
Q

What are the two main components to digestion?

A

Chemical and physical

71
Q

What is the function of enzymes?

A

To break down different types of food

72
Q

Which enzymes digest proteins?

A

Protease

73
Q

What is the function of lipase?

A

To break down lipids

74
Q

What are lipids broken down into?

A

Fatty acids and glycerol

75
Q

What is the name of the enzyme that breaks down starch?

A

Amylase

76
Q

What does the term denature mean?

A

The enzymes change shape

77
Q

What is the active site in an enzyme?

A

The area where the food molecule fits in to

78
Q

Name the four different types of teeth humans have.

A

Molars, Premolars, Incisors and Canines.

79
Q

What is the function of saliva?

A

Lubricates food and contains enzymes.

80
Q

How does food get from the mouth to the stomach?

A

The oesophagus.

81
Q

Which substances are produced by the stomach?

A

Stomach acid.

82
Q

What is the function of the pancreas?

A

Secretes enzymes.

83
Q

What is bile?

A

An alkaline substance that emulsifies fats

84
Q

How does food get from the small intestine into the blood?

A

Diffuses through the walls of the small intestine.

85
Q

What gives the small intestine a large surface area?

A

Villi and micro-villi

Year 8 Science (10 decks)

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