Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

let's get physical! > 8B. forget the small talk, the surface level ain't much that I care for [COMPLETE] > Flashcards

8B. forget the small talk, the surface level ain't much that I care for [COMPLETE] Flashcards

nuclear & particle physics (particle)

1
Q

What are all particles of matter are made up of?

A

Made up of either quarks and/or leptons.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What are the 1st generation quarks?

A

Up and down quarks.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What are the 2nd generation quarks?

A

Charm and strange quarks.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What are the 3rd generation quarks?

A

Top and bottom quarks.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What are the 1st generation leptons?

A

Electron and electron neutrino.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What are the 2nd generation leptons?

A

Muon and muon neutrino.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What are the 3rd generation leptons?

A

Tau and tau neutrino.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What is the trend in increasing generations?

A

Increasing mass.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What are hadrons made up of?

A

Quarks.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What type of forces do hadrons interact with?

A

Strong nuclear force.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What are the types of hadrons?

A

Baryons and mesons.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What are baryons consisting of?

A

3 quarks.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What are mesons consisting of?

A

A quark-antiquark pair.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What are the most common baryons?

A

Protons and neutrons.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What are the most common mesons?

A

Pions and kaons.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What are quarks discovered in?

A

Always discovered in pairs or groups of three, never alone.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What charges does all baryons and mesons have?

A

They all have integer charges.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What is the combination of quarks in a baryon?

A

3 quarks of either all quarks or all anti-quarks.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What is the difference between the quark content of a meson and its anti-particle?

A

The quark in the meson becomes its anti-quark in the anti-particle.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What are electrons?

A

Stable leptons.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

What are muons?

A

Heavy unstable leptons (eventually decays to an electron).

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

What are taus?

A

Heaviest least stable lepton.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

What are antiparticles

A

Each particle has a corresponding antiparticle with identical mass and opposite charge, baryon and lepton numbers.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

What is a fundamental particle?

A

has no internal structure / not made up of other particles

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

What is the last quark to be discovered?

A

Top

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

What is the lightest quark?

A

up

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

What is the heaviest quark?

A

top

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

What are leptons?

A

They are a group of fundamental (elementary) particles.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

What are leptons made up of?

A

They are not made up of anything else.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

How does leptons interact with other particles?

A

Via weak, electromagnetic or gravitational interactions. They do not interact via the strong nuclear force.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

What are the most common leptons?

A

Electrons, electron neutrinos, muons, and muon neutrinos.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

What is the difference between a muon and an electron?

A

Muon is 200x more massive than electrons.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

What is the mass of an electron?

A

0.0005u.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

What is the mass of a muon?

A

0.11u.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

What are neutrinos?

A

They are the most abundant leptons in the universe. They have no charge and negligible mass.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

What are photons?

A

They are a group of atoms which mediate the electromagnetic interaction.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

What charge do photons have?

A

They have no charge/uncharged.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

What is the mass of photons?

A

They have no mass.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

What are photons sometimes called?

A

Exchange/gauge bosons.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

Why are photons sometimes called exchange/gauge bosons?

A

They mediate one of the fundamental forces (electromagnetism).

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
41
Q

What is the photon an exchange particle for?

A

Electromagnetic force.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
42
Q

What type of “particle” is a photon?

A

A boson.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
43
Q

What were the first 4 quarks discovered?

A

The up, down, strange and charm quarks.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
44
Q

How was the symmetry of the standard model used?

A

It was used to predict a third generation of particles.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
45
Q

What is neutron decay?

A

Neutrons are unstable when outside the nucleus so it decays to a proton via beta decay.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
46
Q

Why did it take a long time to find experimental evidence for the top quark?

A

large mass, needs a lot of energy

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
47
Q

What do all matter particles have?

A

An antimatter counterpart.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
48
Q

What are the similarities between matter particles and antimatter particles?

A

Almost identical except for one thing.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
49
Q

What is the difference between matter particles and antimatter particles?

A

They have the opposite electric charge of each other.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
50
Q

What two things matter particles and their antimatter counterpart have in common?

A

Identical mass and rest mass energy.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
51
Q

What is always conserved when particle interaction equation?

A

Quantum numbers.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
52
Q

What quantum numbers are conserved in particle interaction?

A

Charge (Q), baryon number (B), and lepton number (L).

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
53
Q

What has a charge Q = +1 in particle interactions?

A

Protons and positrons.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
54
Q

What has a charge Q = -1 in particle interactions?

A

Electrons + other leptons.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
55
Q

What is the baryon number?

A

The number of baryons in an interaction.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
56
Q

What has a baryon number B = +1 in a particle interaction?

A

Baryons like protons and neutrons.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
57
Q

What has a baryon number B = -1 in a particle interaction?

A

Anti-baryons.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
58
Q

What has a baryon number B = 0 in a particle interaction?

A

Anything that is not a baryon, e.g. leptons and mesons.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
59
Q

What has a baryon number B = +1/3 in a particle interaction?

A

Quarks.

60
Q

What has a baryon number B = -1/3 in a particle interaction?

A

Anti-quarks.

61
Q

Why are baryons made up of only all quarks or anti-quarks, not a mixture?

A

So, the baryon number adds up to an integer. A mixture would not produce an integer baryon number.

62
Q

What are baryons made up of?

A

Only quarks.

63
Q

What are anti-baryons made up of?

A

Only anti-quarks.

64
Q

What is the lepton number?

A

The number of leptons in an interaction.

65
Q

What has a lepton number L = +1 in a particle interaction?

A

Leptons like electrons and neutrinos.

66
Q

What has a lepton number L = -1 in a particle interaction?

A

Anti-leptons.

67
Q

What has a lepton number L = 0 in a particle interaction?

A

Not leptons.

68
Q

What things must be conserved for a possible particle interaction (conservation laws)?

A

Charge, baryon number, lepton number, energy(or mass-energy) and momentum.

69
Q

What happens if the conservation laws for particle interactions are not met?

A

The interaction is impossible/cannot occur.

70
Q

What values can Q, B and L numbers can take?

A

Discrete values.

71
Q

What to do to check if a particle interaction is possible?

A

Check if each quantum number is equal on both sides of the equation. If one of them is not equal, then the interaction cannot occur.

72
Q

What are the 4 gauge bosons?

A

Gluons, photons, gravitons, bosons.

73
Q

What is the symbol for photons?

A

γ

74
Q

What is the symbol for gluons?

A

g

75
Q

What is the symbol for bosons?

A

W & Z.

76
Q

What are the 4 fundamental forces?

A

Gravitational, electromagnetic, weak nuclear and strong nuclear forces.

77
Q

What are the fundamental forces carried by?

A

Gauge bosons.

78
Q

What particles experience gravitational force?

A

All particles.

79
Q

What is the range of gravitational force?

A

Infinite.

80
Q

What gauge boson is gravitational force carried by?

A

G, gravitons. [hypothetically]

81
Q

How strong is the gravitational force on particles?

A

Very weak, negligible unless in the context of larger objects like planets and stars.

82
Q

What particles experience weak nuclear force?

A

All particles.

83
Q

What is the range of weak nuclear force?

A

Very short, 10-18 m.

84
Q

What gauge boson is weak nuclear force carried by?

A

W & Z bosons.

85
Q

When is weak nuclear force significant?

A

When electromagnetic and strong nuclear interactions do not operate.

86
Q

What particles experience electromagnetic force?

A

All charged particles and neutral hadrons as they are composed of quarks.

87
Q

What is the range of electromagnetic force?

A

Infinite.

88
Q

What gauge boson is electromagnetic force carried by?

A

γ, photons.

89
Q

What particles experience strong nuclear force?

A

Quarks and particles made of quarks.

90
Q

What is the range of strong nuclear force?

A

Short, 10-15 m.

91
Q

What gauge boson is strong nuclear force carried by?

A

g, gluons.

92
Q

What is the symbol for an up quark?

A

u

93
Q

What is the symbol for a down quark?

A

d

94
Q

What is the symbol for a charm quark?

A

c

95
Q

What is the symbol for a strange quark?

A

s

96
Q

What is the symbol for a top quark?

A

t

97
Q

What is the symbol for a bottom quark?

A

b

98
Q

What is the symbol for an anti-quark?

A

Its normal quark symbol with a bar on the top.

99
Q

What does the symbol “u” represent?

A

A up quark.

100
Q

What does the symbol “d” represent?

A

A down quark.

101
Q

What does the symbol “c” represent?

A

A charm quark.

102
Q

What does the symbol “s” represent?

A

A strange quark.

103
Q

What does the symbol “t” represent?

A

A top quark.

104
Q

What does the symbol “b” represent?

A

A bottom quark.

105
Q

What is the charge for an up quark?

A

+2/3 e

106
Q

What is the charge for a down quark?

A

-1/3 e

107
Q

What is the charge for a charm quark?

A

+2/3 e

108
Q

What is the charge for a strange quark?

A

-1/3 e

109
Q

What is the charge for a top quark?

A

+2/3 e

110
Q

What is the charge for a bottom quark?

A

-1/3 e

111
Q

What is the charge for an anti-quark?

A

Multiply the original quark’s charge by -1.

112
Q

What is the symbol for an electron?

A

e-

113
Q

What is the symbol for a muon?

A

μ-

114
Q

What is the symbol for a tau?

A

τ-

115
Q

What is the symbol for an electron neutrino?

A

Ve

116
Q

What is the symbol for a muon neutrino?

A

Vμ

117
Q

What is the symbol for a tau neutrino?

A

Vτ

118
Q

What is the charge of a lepton?

A

-1e

119
Q

What is the charge of neutrinos?

A

No charge.

120
Q

What is the relative charge of an electron?

A

-1

121
Q

What is the relative charge of a positron?

A

+1

122
Q

What is the relative charge of a proton?

A

+1

123
Q

What is the relative charge of an anti-proton?

A

-1

124
Q

What is the relative charge of a neutron?

A

0

125
Q

What is the relative charge of an anti-neutron?

A

0

126
Q

What is the relative charge of a neutrino?

A

0

127
Q

What is the relative charge of an anti-neutrino?

A

0

128
Q

What is the symbol for a positron?

A

e+

129
Q

What is the symbol for a proton?

A

p

130
Q

What is the symbol for a neutron?

A

n

131
Q

What does the symbol “e+” represent?

A

A positron.

132
Q

What does the symbol “p” represent?

A

A proton.

133
Q

What does the symbol “n” represent?

A

A neutron.

134
Q

What is the quark content of a proton?

A

uud

135
Q

What is the quark content of a neutron?

A

udd

136
Q

What is the quark content of a K+?

A

u ŝ

137
Q

What is the quark content of a K?

A

d ŝ

138
Q

What is the quark content of a K-?

A

s û

139
Q

What is the quark content of a π+?

A

u antidown

140
Q

What is the quark content of a π?

A

u û
OR
d antidown

141
Q

What is the quark content of a π-?

A

d û

142
Q

What is the quark content of a lambda particle?

A

u d s

143
Q

Why are collisions high energy?

A

Energy required to overcome electrostatic repulsion. Since particles move fast the energy/momentum must be high, shorter de broglie wavelength.

144
Q

Why are only a low proportion of decays detected?

A
  • emmisions in all directions
  • some emitted particles may be absorbed by the material in the sample
  • some emitted particles may be absorbed by the window
  • some pass through the detector
145
Q

What does firing electrons at a hydrogen target tell us?

A
  • proton is not uniform, it has some empty space since some electrons passed through
  • made up of smaller particles called quarks
146
Q

What is the atomic process that produces emission spectra?

A

electron drops down energy levels and de-excites releasing energy

let's get physical! (20 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions