8A- Motivation

Question 0

Instinct

Answer 0

A complex behavior that is rigidly patterned throughout a species and is unlearned

Question 1

Motivation

Answer 1

A need or desire that energizes and directs behavior

Question 2

Drive-reduction theory

Answer 2

The idea that a physiological need creates an aroused tension state (a drive) that motivates an organism to satisfy the need

Question 3

Homeostasis

Answer 3

A tendency to maintain a balanced or constant internal state; the regulation of any aspect of body chemistry, such as blood glucose, around a particular level

Question 4

Incentive

Answer 4

A positive or negative environmental stimulus that motivates behavior

Question 5

Hierarchy of needs

Answer 5

Maslow’s pyramid of human needs, beginning at the base with physiological needs that must first be satisfied before higher-level safety needs and then psychological needs become active

Question 6

Glucose

Answer 6

The firm of sugar that circulates in the blood and provides the major source of energy for body tissues. When it’s level is low, we feel hunger

Question 7

Set point

Answer 7

The point at which an individual’s “weight thermostat” is supposedly set. When the body falls below this weight, an increase in hunger and a lowered metabolic rate may act to restore the lost weight

Question 8

Basal metabolic rate

Answer 8

The body’s resting rate of energy expenditure

Question 9

Anorexia nervosa

Answer 9

An eating disorder in which a person (usually an adolescent female) diets and becomes significantly underweight, yet, still feeling fat, continues to starve

Question 10

Bulimia nervosa

Answer 10

An eating disorder characterized by episodes of overeating, usually of high-calorie foods, followed by vomiting, laxative use, fasting, or excessive exercise

Question 11

Binge-eating disorder

Answer 11

Significant binge-eating episodes, followed by distress, disgust, or guilt, but without the compensatory purging, fasting, or excessive exercise that marks bulimia nervosa

Question 12

Sexual response cycle

Answer 12

The four stages of sexual responding described by Masters and Johnson-excitement, plateau, orgasm, and resolution

Question 13

Refractory period

Answer 13

A resting period after orgasm, during which a man cannot achieve another orgasm

Question 14

Estrogens

Answer 14

Sex hormones, such as estradiol, secreted in greater amounts by females than by males and contributing to female sex characteristics. In nonhuman female mammals, estrogen levels peak during ovulation, promoting sexual receptivity

Question 15

Testosterone

Answer 15

The most important of the male sex hormones. Both males and females have it, but the additional testosterone in males stimulates the growth of male sex organs in the fetus and the development of the male sex characteristics during puberty

Question 16

Sexual orientation

Answer 16

An endearing sexual attraction toward member of either one’s own sex (homosexual orientation) or the other sex (heterosexual orientation)