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B8- DNA, GENES AND PROTEIN SYNTHESIS > 8.3-STRUCTURE OF RIBONUCLEIC ACID > Flashcards

8.3-STRUCTURE OF RIBONUCLEIC ACID Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What does the sequence of nucleotide bases in DNA determine?

A

sequence of amino acids in proteins of organism

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2
Q

What is DNA largely confined to in eukaryotic cells?

A

largely confined to nucleus

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3
Q

Where does the synthesis of proteins happen in eukaryotic cells?

A

in cytoplasm

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4
Q

How is the coded information on the DNA in the nucleus transferred to the cytoplasm where its; translated into proteins?

A

sections of DNA code transcribed onto single-stranded molecule called ribonucleic acid (RNA)

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5
Q

What is messenger RNA/mRNA?

A

RNA that transfers DNA code from nucleus to cytoplasm acts as messenger

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6
Q

What is mRNA small enough to do?

A

small enough to leave nucleus through nuclear pores + enter cytoplasm, where coded info it contains used to determine sequence of amino acids in proteins which are synthesised there

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7
Q

What does the term codon refer to?

A

sequence of three bases on mRNA that codes for single amino acid

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8
Q

What is the genome?

A

complete set of genes in cell, including those in mitochondria and/or chloroplasts

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9
Q

What is the proteome?

A

full range of proteins produced by genome

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10
Q

What is the proteome sometimes called?

A

complete proteome

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11
Q

What does the term proteome refer to in complete proteome?

A

proteins produced by given type of cell under certain set of conditions

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12
Q

What is ribonucleic acid (RNA) usually made up of? (hint- nucleotide)

A

single nucleotide chain

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13
Q

What is ribonucleic acid (RNA)?

A

polymer made up of repeating mononucleotide sub-units

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14
Q

What is each RNA nucleotide made up of? (3)

A

pentose sugar ribose
one of the organic bases adenine (A), guanine (G), cytosine (C) + uracil (U)
phosphate group

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15
Q

What are the two types of RNA that are important in protein synthesis?

A 
messenger RNA (mRNA)
transfer RNA (tRNA)
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16
Q

What does mRNA consist of?

A

thousands of mononucleotides

17
Q

How is mRNA arranges?

A

mRNA is a long strand that’s arranged in a single helix

18
Q

What is the base sequence of mRNA determined by?

A

sequence of bases on length of DNA in process called transcription

19
Q

What happens once mRNA forms?

A

mRNA leaves nucleus via pores in nuclear envelope + enters cytoplasm, where it associates with ribosomes

20
Q

What does mRNA act as in the cytoplasm?

A

acts as template for protein synthesis

21
Q

How is mRNA’s structure suited for its function?

A

as it possesses information in form of codons (three bases that are complementary to triplet in DNA)

22
Q

What does the sequence of codons that the mRNA possesses determine?

A

amino acid sequence of specific polypeptide that will be made

23
Q

What is the size of the transfer RNA (tRNA) molecule?

A

relatively small molecule

24
Q

How many nucleotides make up the tRNA?

A

tRNA made up of around 80 nucleotides

25
Q

What is the shape of the tRNA like?

A

single-stranded chain folded into clover-leaf shape, with one end of chain extending beyond the other

26
Q

What does the end of the tRNA chain that extends beyond the other do?

A

this is part of tRNA molecule to which an amino acid can easily attach

27
Q

What is at the opposite end of the ends of the tRNA chain?

A

sequence of three other organic bases, known as anticodon

28
Q

What does the genetic code being degenerate say about the number of tRNA molecules?

A

must be as many tRNA molecules as there are coding triplets

29
Q

What is each tRNA specific to?

A

each tRNA specific to one amino acid

30
Q

What is each anticodon of tRNA specific to?

A

anticodon that’s specific to amino acid that tRNA is specific to

31
Q

In RNA, what is the base thymine always replaced by?

A

similar base called uracil

32
Q

How can RNA join with DNA and other RNA molecules?

A

by complementary base pairing

33
Q

What is the complementary base pairings that RNA forms?

A

guanine with cytosine

adenine with uracil

34
Q

What does an anticodon pair with during protein synthesis?

A

anticodon pairs with three complementary organic bases that make up codon on mRNA

35
Q

What is the tRNA structure, with its end chain for attaching amino acids + its anticodon for complementary base pairing with codon of mRNA structurally suited for?

A

structurally suited to its role of lining up amino acids on mRNA template during protein synthesis

B8- DNA, GENES AND PROTEIN SYNTHESIS (5 decks)

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