8.3-4 Genome Project and Gene Technologies Flashcards
What is a genome map?
A complete map of all genetic material in an organism (called the genome)
What are bioinformatics?
The science of collecting and analysing complex biological data such as genetic code
What is whole shotgun sequencing?
Many copies of the genome cut up into small fragments to be sequenced
Fragments are assembled using computer algorithms to match overlapping sections
What are SNPs
Single nucleotide polymorphisms
They are single base variations in the genome that are associated with disease and other disorders
Over 1.4 million in the human genome
How can SNP be used in biology?
In medical screening SNPs allow quick identification of potential medical problems
Allows for early intervention for treatment
What information can we apply from genomes?
Identification of potential antigens in order to produce vaccines
Sequence of amino acids in polypeptides can be predicted - allowing for synthetic biology
Why are complex organisms more difficult to determine the genome and proteome?
We have many non-coding genes
Introns
How does proteome differ in cells?
Did to selective gene expression not all genes are switched on in all cells therefore proteins aren’t always produced
Why is it easier to sequence the genome of a bacteria?
The prokaryotes have just one circular piece of DNA
With no Introns
How can the genome of an extremophile be useful?
If they can withstand extreme/toxic environments
They have a potential to clean pollutants or manufacture biofuels
What is Encode?
Encyclopaedia of DNA elements
It is a catalogue of regions of the human genome that control the function if genes
What can the human genome project help with?
Screening for mutated sequences and carriers
Screening for disorders before symptoms appear
What are some ethical considerations of the human genome project?
People being discriminated against
Misuse and ownership of genetic material
What is recombinant DNA technology?
It involves the transfer of fragments of DNA from one organism, or species, to another
Made possible due to DNA being universal
What ways can fragments of DNA be produced?
Conversion of mRNA to complementary DNA (cDNA)
Using restriction enzymes
Using a ‘gene machine’
How is mRNA converted to complementary DNA (cDNA)?
Isolate mRNA from cytoplasm using an ultracentrifuge
Using reverse transcriptase (found in HIV) mRNA acts as a template strand for cDNA to be formed
Using DNA polymerase double stranded DNA is formed from the single cDNA strand
What is a key point about mRNA being converted to complementary DNA (cDNA)?
There are no introns produced in the gene
(We took the genetic information from an already spliced mRNA strand)
So the can be cloned into prokaryotic bacteria - also no Introns
How are fragments of DNA produced from restriction endonucleases?
Restriction endonucleases are enzymes extracted from bacteria
They cut the DNA at specific sequences (enzymes are complementary) - and they cut to keep the entire gene intact
Best cuts = sticky ends (staggered like stairs)
The sticky ends allow two ends that are complementary to form a covalent bond and ‘rejoin’ (if the same restriction endonuclease was used)