8.2.3 Flashcards
What are some strategies to improve adherence in children?
» Simple regime » Pleasant-tasting medicine » Easy-to-take liquids rather than tablets » Text message reminders for older children » Regular phone contact with parents » Involving children fully with treatment plans, considering their concerns (Benn, 2014).
What is a spacer device for asthma?
Spacer devices are plastic containers with a mouthpiece or mask at one end and a space to insert an asthma inhaler at the other end. They help deliver medication effectively but can be scary for children.
What is the Funhaler?
The Funhaler is a spacer device based on operant conditioning principles. It rewards children with spinners and a whistle if they use the device correctly, encouraging repeated use.
What was the aim of Chaney et al. (2004)?
To compare the Funhaler device to currently used spacer devices in managing asthma in young children.
What was the methodology of Chaney et al. (2004)?
» 32 children aged 1.5–6 years old diagnosed with asthma were recruited. » Parents were interviewed by questionnaire about their child’s current asthma device. » The Funhaler was used for two weeks, and parents were contacted randomly. » A second questionnaire was completed after the trial.
What were the conclusions of Chaney et al. (2004)?
» The Funhaler could improve clinical outcomes in children. » Behaviourist theories like operant conditioning are effective in increasing children’s adherence to medication.
What is a behavioural contract?
A verbal or written agreement between a patient and practitioner regarding a treatment regime. It can improve short-term adherence but is not effective in the long term (Neale, 1991; Bosch-Capblanch et al., 2007).
What did Bosch-Capblanch et al. (2007) find about behavioural contracts?
Research into contract effectiveness was small-scale and poorly executed, lowering the validity of results.
What are prompts in healthcare?
Texts, phone calls, or letter reminders for medication or appointments. They are convenient, cost-effective, and acceptable to patients (Schwebel and Larimer, 2018).
What is a limitation of text message prompts?
Not everyone uses text messages. Elderly patients may not find them beneficial.
What is customising treatment?
Tailoring treatment to fit the patient’s ability and lifestyle. Heath et al. (2015) used intervention mapping to target desired behaviours using behavioural techniques.
What did Lakhanpaul et al. (2020) study?
They used intervention mapping to improve South-East Asian families’ understanding of asthma.
What are the drawbacks of customising treatment?
» Costly due to time investment. » Counterproductive if not conducted with cultural sensitivity.
What was the context of Yokley and Glenwick (1984)?
Preventable diseases like polio and whooping cough killed over five million children worldwide. The study aimed to increase immunisation adherence.
What was the aim of Yokley and Glenwick (1984)?
To evaluate the impact of four conditions on motivating parents to have children immunised.
What were the independent variables in Yokley and Glenwick (1984)?
- General prompt 2. Specific prompt with dates, times, and locations 3. Specific prompt with extended clinic hours, drinks, movies, and snacks 4. Specific prompt with monetary incentive.
What were the dependent variables in Yokley and Glenwick (1984)?
- Number of children receiving immunisations 2. Number of children attending the clinic 3. Total number of immunisations received.
What were the controlled variables in Yokley and Glenwick (1984)?
- Contact control group (received a general call) 2. No contact control group 3. Families with two or more immune-deficient pre-schoolers were assigned together.
What was the sample in Yokley and Glenwick (1984)?
715 pre-school immune-deficient children; 50% female, 64% white.
What was the procedure in Yokley and Glenwick (1984)?
Participants were randomly assigned to one of four conditions. After two months, a lottery was drawn for the monetary incentive group. A follow-up occurred after three months.
What were the ethical concerns in Yokley and Glenwick (1984)?
Parents did not consent to participate, were unaware of behaviour manipulation, and monetary incentives raised ethical questions.
What was an ethical strength in Yokley and Glenwick (1984)?
Control groups received a specific prompt letter after the study, ensuring no group was disadvantaged.
What were the conclusions of Yokley and Glenwick (1984)?
» Behavioural incentives are effective in motivating parents to immunise children. » A single general prompt is not enough.
What is the experimental method’s strength in Yokley and Glenwick (1984)?
Random assignment of participants reduced bias, increasing validity.
What is a limitation of Chaney et al. (2004) in terms of generalisability?
The study involved only 32 Australian children, which is not representative of the wider population.
What is a limitation of Yokley and Glenwick (1984) in terms of generalisability?
The final sample was 36.9% less than the original, and findings may not apply to other regions or countries.
What is a strength of Yokley and Glenwick (1984) in terms of reliability?
Standardised procedures were used, making the research replicable.
What is a limitation of Chaney et al. (2004) in terms of validity?
Parents may have put in extra effort to ensure adherence, lowering the validity of results.
What is an ethical consideration in Yokley and Glenwick (1984)?
Although children were used, the focus was on parental behaviour. Control groups received follow-up reminders to ensure no disadvantage.
What is an ethical consideration in Chaney et al. (2004)?
The research took place in children’s homes with full parental permission and minimal researcher contact, meeting all ethical standards.
What are the real-world applications of Yokley and Glenwick (1984)?
Incentivised programmes can increase immunisation rates in areas with low adherence and returning preventable diseases.
What is operant conditioning in the context of the Funhaler?
Children are rewarded with spinners and a whistle for using the Funhaler correctly, making them more likely to repeat the behaviour.
What is intervention mapping?
A method to tailor treatment by understanding why and how a patient needs to change, using behavioural techniques like operant conditioning (Heath et al., 2015).
What did Schwebel and Larimer (2018) find about prompts?
Prompts are beneficial, convenient, cost-effective, and acceptable to patients, based on a review of 162 studies.
What is a limitation of behavioural contracts?
They are not effective in the long term (Bosch-Capblanch et al., 2007).
What is a strength of Chaney et al. (2004)?
The Funhaler improved adherence in young children, demonstrating the effectiveness of operant conditioning.
What is a limitation of Yokley and Glenwick (1984)?
The study’s generalisability is limited due to the sample size reduction and regional focus.
What is a strength of Yokley and Glenwick (1984)?
The study demonstrated the effectiveness of behavioural incentives in increasing immunisation rates.
What is a limitation of customising treatment?
It can be costly and counterproductive if cultural differences are not considered.
What is a strength of customising treatment?
It improves adherence by tailoring treatment to the patient’s lifestyle and abilities (Heath et al., 2015).
What is a limitation of using text message prompts?
Elderly patients may not benefit from text messages, limiting their effectiveness.
What is a strength of using prompts?
They are cost-effective and widely accepted by patients (Schwebel and Larimer, 2018).
