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08. Metabolism > 8.10 Minerals > Flashcards

8.10 Minerals Flashcards

1
Q

What are the major minerals required in the body? [7]

A
  1. Sodium
  2. Chloride
  3. Potassium
  4. Calcium
  5. Magnesium
  6. Sulfur
  7. Phosphorus
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2
Q

The body requires trace minerals in miniscule quantities. What are these? [9]

A
  1. Iron
  2. Zinc
  3. Molybdenum
  4. Manganese
  5. Fluoride
  6. Cromium
  7. Copper
  8. Selenium
  9. Iodine
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3
Q

What does the trace mineral content of foods depend on?

A

The soil and water composition of the food stuffs and how the food is processed.

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4
Q

What affects the bioavailability of the trace minerals from food in the body?

A

Depends on many factors in the diet and within the body such as genetic deficiencies

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5
Q

What is the most common result of deficiency in minerals?

A

A failure to grow and thrive in children

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6
Q

What is the difference between the major minerals and the trace minerals?

A

The major minerals are present in larger amounts in the body and are also needed in larger amounts by the body.

  • RI for major minierals is in hundreds grams or grams
  • RI for trace minerals is in tens grams or micrograms
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7
Q

What are the major source of calcium from food?

A
  • Dairy products, such as milk and cheese
  • Other rich sources include seaweeds (kelp, wakame and hijiki)
  • Nuts and seeds (almonds and sesame),
  • Beans, figs, broccoli and kale.
  • An overlooked source of calcium is eggshell
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8
Q

What is the importance of calcium in the body?

A
  • It is important for cellular processes (general intracellular signaling)
  • Mineralisation of bones (calcium phosphate)
  • Contraction of muscles
  • Nerve functioning
  • Blood pressure
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9
Q

What can calcium deficiency lead to?

A
  • Rickets (stunted growth in children)
  • Poor Blood clotting
  • Osteoporosis (especially in post-menopausal women)
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10
Q

What can calcium excess (hypercalcaemia) lead to?

A
  • Impaired kidney function
    • Increased risk of urinary stone formation
  • Malabsorption of other minerals
  • Constipation
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11
Q

What is malignant hyperthermia?

A
  • When muscle releases excess calcium and muscle becomes an uncontrollable ATPase
  • Caused by exposure to general anesthetic drugs that cause a defect in calcium channel regulation causing too much calcium and activity
  • Uncontrolled oxidative metabolism overwhelm’s the body’s capacity to supply oxygen, remove CO2 and regulate body temperature (leading to circulatory collapse and death)
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12
Q

What is the minimum daily intake of calcium? Why?

A

Roughly 1000mg (1g) per day

This is because there is 1g of calcium excreted per day and thus we require more

(Note: elderly people require more ~1300mg)

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13
Q

Phosphorus is essential for life. What are the roles of phosphorus in the body?

A
  • Phosphate is hydroxyapatite in bones
  • Component of DNA, RNA and ATP
  • Makes up phospholipids forming all cell membranes
  • Energy Transfer
  • Buffering ability (acid-base balance)
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14
Q

What would cause a phosphate deficiency?

A
  • Malnutrition
  • Failure to absorb phosphate
  • Re-feeding after malnutrition
  • Excessive excretion in urine
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15
Q

What are the symptoms of hypophosphatemia and hyperphosphatemia?

A

Hypophosphatemia:

  • Muscle and neurological dysfunction
  • Blood cell fragility due to lack of ATP

Hyperphosphatemia:

  • Too much phosphate can lead to diarrhoea and calcification (hardening) of organs and soft tissue
  • Interfere with the body’s ability to use iron, calcium, magnesium, and zinc
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16
Q

How much phosphate is required per day in terms of intake?

A

1000mg

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17
Q

What are major sources of phosphate in food?

A

Meat, fish, poultry, eggs and milk

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18
Q

What are symptoms of hyperphosphotaemia?

A

Calcification of non-skeletal muscles, especially the kidney

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19
Q

What is the recommeded intake of potassium in the diet per day?

What is the importance of potassium in the body?

A

Require lots per day (3-4g)

Function:

  • Maintains normal fluid and electrolyte balance
  • Facilitates many reactions
  • Supports cell integrity
  • Assists in nerve impulse transmission
  • Muscle transmissions
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20
Q

What are some symptoms of hypokalemia?

Give an example of how this would occur

A
  • Irregular heartbeart
  • Muscular weakness
  • Glucose intolerance

Eg. chronic diarrhoea (which has selective K loss)

Deficiency accompanies dehydration

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21
Q

What are some symptoms of hyperkalamia?

A
  • Muscular weakness
  • Vomiting
  • Can stop the heart (arrythmia)
22
Q

What are some significant sources of potassium?

A
  • Meats
  • Milks
  • Fruits (Banana, Tomato) and Vegetables
  • Grains
  • Legumes
23
Q

What are some sources of sulphate?

What are deficiences of sulphate?

A
  • Sulphate can be derived from the amino acids methionine and cysteine.

Thus the body’s sulphate needs are easily met with normal protein intakes, there is no recommended intake for sulphate and deficiencies do not occur when diets contain protein.

Only when people lack protein to the point of severe deficiency will they lack the sulphur-containing amino acids.

24
Q

Describe the importance of suphate in the structure of insulin?

A

Maintains disulfide bonds of insulin

25
Q

Describe the disulphide bonds between filaments of keratin in hair

A

Hair contains disulphide bonds causing the intracellular proteins to be springy

A hair perm breaks and remakes the disulphide bonds. Causing kinks to appear

26
Q

What is the RDI of sodium per day?

What are the sources?

A

Roughly between 500-900mg a day

Eat less than 2.3 grams of salt a day.

Sources:

  • Table salt
  • soy sauce
  • meats, milks, breads, vegetables
  • large amounts in processed foods
27
Q

What are the chief functions of sodium in the body?

A
  • Maintain fluid and electrolyte balance
  • Nerve transmission and nerve impulse
  • Muscle contraction
28
Q

What are symptoms of sodium deficiency?

A
  • Muscle cramps
  • Mental apathy
  • Loss of appetite
29
Q

What are toxicity symptoms of sodium?

A
  • Oedema
  • Acute hypertension
30
Q

What is the role of chloride in the body?

What are the sources?

A

A major anion with a role in fluid and electrolyte balance

Part of the stomach’s HCl acid (It is necessary for proper digestion)

31
Q

What are the deficiency and toxicity symptoms for chloride?

A

Deficiency:

None

Toxicity:

NaCl is an emetic (aka vomiting)

32
Q

What is the role of magnesium in the body?

What are sources of it?

What is the RDI?

A

Role:

  • Bone mineralisation
  • Building of proteins
  • Enzyme action
  • Muscle contraction
  • Nerve impulse transmission
  • maintenance of teeth
  • Immune system function

Sources:

  • Nuts, legumes, whole grains, dark green vegetables, seafood, chocolate, cocoa

RDI: ~300-400 mg/day

33
Q

What are the deficiencies and toxicities of magnesium?

A

Deficiency:

  • Weakness
  • Confusion
  • If extreme: convulsions, muscle movements, hallucinations, dysphagia, failure to grow

Toxicity: Only fromm non-food sources (ie. poisoning)

  • Diarrhoea, alkalosis, dehydration
34
Q

How is magnesium used as a drug?

A

Epsom salts

Commonly used as a saline laxative

35
Q

What are the sources of iron?

RDI?

What are the main functions?

A

Sources: Red meats, fish, poultry, shellfish, eggs, legumes, dried friuts

RDI: 8mg/day for men and 18mg/day for women

Functions:

  • Protein Hb (carries O2 in the blood)
  • Myoglobin in muscle
  • Utilisation of energy in metabolism
36
Q

Describe deficiency and toxicity for iron

A
37
Q

Describe the difference between dietary iron and the iron that is able to be used by the body

How is this possible?

A

Dietary iron is mostly Fe3+ and only Fe2+ is absorbed (assisted by vitamin C as a reducing agent).

38
Q

Describe the digestion of foods and the absorption of iron

A

There is about 10mg of iron in food, but only part of it is absorbed (vitamin C)

  • Iron is temporarly stored in mucosal cells on ferritin
  • It is released into the blood to the liver.
  • Where HFE moderates uptake into liver
39
Q

What is hereditary haemochromocytosis?

A

Due to defects in iron carrying and storing proteins, is one of the most common genetic diseases in humans.

Serious and fatal health problems result from the excess iron that accumulates in the body. Diseases associated with hemochromatosis are arthritis, cirrhosis of the liver, diabetes, heart failure, and liver cancer.

The “cure” is to donate blood regularly to reduce the iron load

40
Q

Fill this table out:

A
41
Q

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42
Q

What is the role of copper in oxidative phosphorylation? (The ETC)

A

Copper is the final electron carrier in Ox. Phosphorylation - Complex IV in mitochondria

43
Q

What is Menke’s disease?

A

is an X-linked disorder characterized by severe impairment of neurological and connective tissue function.

Mutation of the Copper transporting protein gene: (ATP7A) results in the storage (not release) of copper in enterocytes (gut mucosa), thereby causing a severe copper deficiency.

There are low copper levels in the serum and in hair. Defective keratinization of the hair leads to sparseness and kinkiness. There is progressive mental deterioration and defects in aortic elastin.

44
Q

What is Wilson’s Disease?

A

A genetic disease leading to high serum copper and copper toxicity due to overactivity of ATP7A (copper transporting gene)

45
Q

Fill in the following

A

Manganese is in glycogenin (what makes glycogen)

It is present in anything that does photosynthesis

46
Q

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47
Q

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48
Q

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49
Q

Where is cobolt found that makes it considerable as an essential mineral?

A

it is a part of vitamin B12

50
Q

Fill out the following

A

08. Metabolism (5 decks)

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