8.1 The Coastal Zone Flashcards
1
Q
Littoral Zone (2)
A
- The wider coastal zone
- Consists of backshore, foreshore, nearshore and offshore
2
Q
Cliff Profile (3)
A
- The height and angle of a cliff face
- As well as its features
- Such as wave-cut notches
3
Q
Coastal Accretion (4)
- The ______________ at _______
- And the ___________ of the coastline, _____________
- Often involves _______________
- being ________________
A
- The deposition of sediment at the coast
- And the seaward growth of the coastline, creating new land
- Often involves sediment deposition
- Being stablised by vegetation
4
Q
Dynamic Equilibrium (4)
A
- The balanced state of a system
- When inputs and outputs balance over time
- By a process of feedback
- The system adjusts to changes and equilibrium is regained
5
Q
Low Energy Coast (6)
- ______________ with __________
- And _____________
- Resulting in ______________
- And therefore a ___________________
- Meaning ___________ rather than _______
- Landforms include ____________________
A
- Sheltered coasts with limited fetch
- And low wind speeds
- Resulting in constructive waves
- And therefore a swash stronger than backwash
- Meaning material is deposited rather than eroded
- Landforms include beaches, sand dunes and spits
6
Q
High Energy Coast Example (2)
A
- Shetland Islands, Scotland
- Average wind speed over the year is 15mph
7
Q
Low Energy Coast Example (2)
A
- Hurst Spit
- South coast of England
8
Q
High Energy Coast (6)
- ______________ with __________
- And _____________
- Resulting in ______________
- And therefore a ___________________
- Meaning ___________ rather than _______
- Landforms include ______________________
A
- Exposed coasts with long wave fetches
- And high wind speeds
- Resulting in destructive waves
- And therefore a backwash stronger than swash
- Meaning material is eroded rather than deposited
- Landforms include wave-cut platforms, cliffs and stacks
9
Q
Alluvial Coast (5)
- Also known as ____________
- The land ___________ towards _________
- Across an area of ________________
- With ________________ being the most common examples
- _____________________
A
- Also known as coastal plains
- The land gradually slopes towards the sea
- Across an area of deposited sediment
- With sand dunes and mud flats being the most common examples
- Low-energy environment
10
Q
Types of Sub-aerial Processes (3)
A
- Weathering
- Mass movement
- Surface run-off
11
Q
A
12
Q
Sub-Aerial Process (2)
A
- Land based processes
- A combination of weathering, mass movement and surface runoff
13
Q
Cliffs vary in their resistance to erosion and weathering: Influenced by… (3)
A
- Susceptibility to chemical weathering
- Clastic vs crystalline
- Cracks, fissures and fractures
14
Q
Rocks vary in their resistance to erosion and weathering: Influenced by…
- Susceptibility to chemical weathering (6)
- Clastic vs crystalline
- Cracks, fissures and fractures
A
- How reactive minerals in the rock are
- When exposed to chemical weathering
- Calcite (found in limestone)
- Can be weathered in solution
- Whereas quartz (found in sandstone)
- Is not subject to chemical weathering
15
Q
Cliffs vary in their resistance to erosion and weathering: Influenced by…
- Susceptibility to chemical weathering
- Clastic vs crystalline (5)
- Cracks, fissures and fractures
A
- Whether rocks are clastic or crystalline
- Clastic rocks: sedimentary rocks such as sandstone
- Crystalline rocks: igneous and metamorphic rocks such as granite
- Crystalline rock cliffs are more resistant to erosion
- As they are made of interlocking crystals
16
Q
Cliffs vary in their resistance to erosion and weathering: Influenced by…
- Susceptibility to chemical weathering
- Clastic vs crystalline
- Cracks, fissures and fractures (4)
A
- The degree to which rocks have cracks, fissures and fractures
- Such weaknesses are exploited
- By the forces of sub-aerial processes, e.g. freeze thaw weathering
- And marine processes, e.g. hydraulic action
17
Q
Typical Coastal Recession Rates
- Limestone (sedimentary) (1)
A
- 1-2 cm per year
18
Q
Typical Coastal Recession Rates
- Chalk (sedimentary) (1)
A
- 1-100 cm per year
19
Q
Typical Coastal Recession Rates
- Sandstone (sedimentary) (1)
A
- 10-100cm per year
20
Q
Typical Coastal Recession Rates
- Boulder Clay (unconsolidated) (1)
A
- 100-1000 cm per year
