8.0 Transport in Mammals

Question 1

WBC differences

Answer 1

• Made in bone marrow
• function: involved in immune system

PHAGOCYTES:
FUNCTION:
➤ Patrol in blood, tissues and organs
➤ Remove dead cells and pathogens
➤ By phagocytosis(Chap4)
➤ Involved in non-specific defense
➤ Responds to man different non-self antigens
STRUCTURE:
➤ Lobed nuclei
➤ Granular cytoplasm-due to many vesicles
NEUTROPHILS:
➤ Multi-lobed nucleus
➤ Have receptor proteins on its membrane
➤ To identify pathogens as non-self
➤ When there is an infection, large numbers are released from bone marrow
➤ Accumulates at site of infection
➤ Short-lived (few hours-days ): dies after digesting pathogens
MONOCYTES (mature into macrophages):
➤ Lobed nucleus / kidney-bean shaped
➤ Larger than neutrophils
➤ Have receptor proteins on its membrane
➤ To identify pathogens as non-self
➤ Monocytes: circulate in blood
➤ Mature into macrophages when it leaves blood and enter organs
➤ Long-lived cells
➤ Macrophages found in organs such as liver, lungs, spleen, kidney, lymph nodes
LYMPHOCYTES (produced in bone marrow before birth):
FUNCTION:
➤ Involved in specific immune responses
➤ Responds to only specific non-self antigens
➤ Mature lymphocytes circulate in the blood and lymph
➤ Accumulate at sites of infection
STRUCTURE:
➤ Smaller than phagocytes
➤ Large round nucleus
➤ Little cytoplasm
B-LYMPHOCYTES:
➤ Mature in bone marrow
➤ Produces antibodies

T-LYMPHOCYTES:
➤ Mature in thymus
➤ Does NOT produce antibodies

Question 2

RBC vs WBC

Answer 2

• WBC’s contain nucleus
• WBC’s are larger in size except for lymphocytes
• WBC’s are circular or irregular shaped (not biconcave)
• phagocytes have granular cytoplasm

Question 3

RBC structure & function

Question 4

Blood plasma (water in mammal transport)

Question 5

tissue fluid

Question 6

role of RBC

Answer 6

HAEMOGLOBIN:
- globular protein (hydrophobic R groups facing outwards therefore soluble)
- quaternary protein structure
- made of 4 polypeptide chains, each with prosthetic haem group

Question 7

Haemoglobin dissociation curve (why S shaped)

Question 8

Importance of O2 dissociation curve in lungs and respiring tissue

Question 9

The Bohr shift/effect

Question 10

Chloride shift

Question 11

importance of plasma in transporting CO2

Question 12

mammalian circulatory / cardiovascular system

Answer 12

• includes blood vessels, blood, lymph & heart
• needed for: transport of nutrients and oxygen around the body, disposal of waste materials (co2, urea), transport of hormones, circulates WBC’s & RBC’s in body

CLOSED, DOUBLE CIRCULATORY SYSTEM:
- closed: blood is contained in blood vessels, always in heart, arteries, veins or capillaries
- double: blood passes through the heart twice, in one complete circuit

TYPES OF CIRCULATION SYSTEMS:
- pulmonary circulation: circulation through lungs & heart, much lower blood pressure, no harm to delicate lung tissue
- systemic circulation: circulation through other parts of the body and heart excluding the lungs
- higher blood pressure
- more effective to transport oxygenated blood to all parts of the body