11.0 Immunity

Question 1

Lines of defense against diseases

Answer 1

1. First line of defense: external & non-specific
2. Second line of defense: Internal, non-specific immune response, involves phagocytes
3. Third line of defense: internal, specific immune response, involves lymphocytes

Question 2

What is an Immune response

Answer 2

the body’s immune reaction towards non-self antigens

Question 3

Phagocytes mode of action in immune system

Answer 3

GENERAL:
- produced throughout life
- patrols in blood, tissues and organs
- removes dead cells and pathogens through phagocytosis
- involved in non-specific defense
- responds to many different non-self antigens

NEUTROPHILS:
- have receptor proteins on its membrane to identify pathogens as non-self
- when infections happen, large numbers are released from bone marrow
- accumulates at site of infection
- short-lived, dies after digesting pathogens

MONOCYTES (MACROPHAGES):
- larger than neutrophils
- have receptor proteins on membrane to identify pathogens as non-self
- monocytes circulate in blood and mature into macrophages when it leaves blood and enter organs
- long-lived cells
- macrophages are found in organs such as liver, lungs, spleen, kidney and lymph nodes

PROCESS:
1. initiates / starts immune respone after non-self entigen indentification by various receptor proteins on cell surface, non-specific 2. Engulfs pathogen via phagocytosis, fusion of phagocytic vacoule with lysosome 3. hydrolysizes pathogen using lysozymes 4. antigens presented on its cell surface, macrophages act as antigen-presenting cells 5. some cell fragments released by exocytosis, antigen-presenting cells trigger lymphocytes

Question 4

Lymphocytes mode of action in immune system

Question 5

Antigens

Answer 5

OVERVIEW:
- macromolecules on cell surfaces
- e.g. glycoproteins, glycolipids, polysaccharides
FUNCTION:
SELF ANTIGENS:
- acts as cell markers
- macromolecules on cell surface membranes of host cells
- doesn’t trigger body’s immune system
- no antibody production
NON-SELF ANTIGENS:
- macromolecules that activates an immune response
- found on cell surface membrane of foreign material’s (pathogens, allergens) AND surface membrane of infected host cells
- stimulates production of antibodies

Question 6

Process of Primary Immune Response

Question 7

Memory Cells in 2nd Immune response & Long Term immunity

Answer 7

STRUCTURE:
FUNCTION:

Question 8

Antibodies

Answer 8

STRUCTURE RELATED TO FUNCTION:

Question 9

Process Hybridoma Method (Monoclonal antiboy production)

Question 10

Monoclonal antibodies in diagnosis & treatment

Answer 10

PROCESS:
DIAGNOSIS:
TREATMENT:

Question 11

Types of Immunity

Answer 11

ACTIVE VS PASSIVE:
NATURAL VS ARTIFICIAL

Question 13

Vaccines & Antigens in long term Immunity

Answer 13

PRODUCTION:
FUNCTION:

Question 14

Vaccinations process & importance

Answer 14

PROCESS:
IMPORTANCE:
FLAWS: