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WSET Diploma Unit 1 > 8. Vineyard pests and Hazards > Flashcards

8. Vineyard pests and Hazards Flashcards

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1
Q

Name the 9 vineyard hazards

A

Drought, excess water, untimely rainfall, freeze, frosts, hail, sunburn, fire, smoke taint

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2
Q

Name the 6 vineyard pests

A

phylloxera, nematodes, grape moths, spider mites, birds, mammals

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3
Q

Name the 6 types of fungal disease

A

powdery mildew, downy mildew, grey rot, eutypa dieback, phomopsis cane & leaf spot, ESCA

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4
Q

Name the 2 types of bacterial disease

A

Pierce’s disease, grapevine yellows

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5
Q

Name the two types of Viruses

A

Fanleaf virus, Leafroll virus

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6
Q

What are the minimum amounts of water needed in cool climates and warm climates

A

500mm for cool and 750mm for warm

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7
Q

What effect does drought have on the vine?

A

a lack of water causes vines to close the stomata on the leaves to limit water loss, which reduces photosynthesis. If this continues, plant growth is impaired, grape size is reduced and ripening slows down, resulting in unripe grapes and lower yields. Prolonged drought - vines lose leaves and die

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8
Q

What effect does drought have on regions that depend on irrigation?

A

Water may become scarce and irrigation is not allowed, resulting in lost vineyards

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9
Q

What are the management options for drought?

A
  • Where allowed, Irrigation systems should be part of initial vineyard design. Can be retrofitted, but high cost, potential disruption of the vineyard.
  • Drought resistant rootstocks
  • drought tolerant grape variety - Grenache
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10
Q

Effects of excess water?

A
  • Excess of water in the summer can lead to too much vegetative growth, which competes with grape ripening, fruit can be too shaded - both of which will result in less ripeness.
  • Canopy prone to fungal disease bc high humidity
  • waterlogging in areas without free draining soils, reducing the amount of oxygen to the vines which slows growth and eventually kills vine
  • waterlogging also leads to compact soils which make them difficult to work and uncontrolled water runoff.
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11
Q

Management options for excess of water?

A

If excess of rainfall on a regular basis, planning of vineyard the issue must be addressed. Where possible: plant on a slope, or on free draining soil, or to improve drainage, build a drainage system.

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12
Q

Effects of untimely rainfall?

A
  • during pollenation, can lead to millerandage or couture, reducing size of crop and potentially lowering quality.
  • rain during summer can reduce the rate of ripening fruit
  • close to harvest, grape become swollen with water, reducing concentration of grape must and wine quality, splitting grapes, leading to grey rot
  • working harvest becomes more difficult for mechanical harvesters and pickers esp on clay soil.
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13
Q

Management options for untimely rainfall?

A
  • choice of site (climate/slope), soil condition, choice of planting grass between rows, adequacy of drainage - all can mitigate effects
  • monitoring weather forecasts to plan harvest. Harvest early w/ potentially less ripe fruit, or taking chance on weather improving in time for a successful harvest, or losing the crop.
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14
Q

Effects of freeze on vines? Which climate is most affected?

A
  • if temps drop below -4F vine can be seriously damaged or killed.
  • grafted vines, the graft is part most at risk (if above ground)
  • canes/cordons next at risk. can be killed, reducing yield, also leading to replacing the canes
  • continental climates most affected
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15
Q

name the 3 Freeze management options

A

site selection, choice of varietals, vine protection.

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16
Q

Freeze management options: site selection

A

For vineyards w/ cold winters:

  • Hillsides can be warmer than valley floor
  • proximity to large body of water has moderating effect.
  • vines planted where snow settles thickly - deep snow can insulate vine.
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17
Q

freeze management option: choice of varietal

A
  • some varietals are more resilient against freeze - riesling
  • American and mongolian vines are extremely winter hardy, as are hybrids of them.
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18
Q

freeze management options: protecting vines

A
  • building up soil around vine graft is common practice in cold climates. soil helps insulate vine
  • burying vines - costly approach, requires lots of labor
  • vines pruned to have several trunks so that those killed in winter can be replaced.
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19
Q

Effects of frosts?

A
  • freezes water in vine buds and shoots
  • cold winds after budburst can kill buds and shoots bc high water content
  • can greatly impact yields
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20
Q

How have vines adapted to frosts in cool climates?

A

Cool climate vines are vulnerable, but the vine responds to regularly low temps by not growing until mean air temp is 50F

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21
Q

Name/describe the two types of frost

A
  • Advective frosts- caused by large volumes of cold air moving in from very cold areas.
  • Radiative frosts - result from heat being lost on still, cool nights. Amount of heat lost depends on level of cloud cover. Windless nights will allow a layer of freezing cold air to develop above surface of soil, which collects in valley bottoms.
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22
Q

what are the two actions to manage frosts?

A

Reducing the risk and combating the hazard if frost strikes.

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23
Q

how does a grower reduce the risk of frost?

A
  • site selection: avoiding frost pockets, choose hillside sites where cold air drains away
  • delaying pruning-this postpones budburst into warmer months
  • choose a late-budding varietal - riesling
  • train vines high off ground
  • have bare soil between vines (vs cover crop) absorbs more heat during day and radiates it back at night.
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24
Q

how does a grower respond when frost threatens as a hazard?

A
  • water sprinklers - water freezes around plant, it releases latent heat, protecting the plant. must be kept on until temps rise. This is the ONLY method to combat advective frosts
  • Wind machines - pull warmer air down to ground level, raising temp. effective against inversion layer. Helicopters effective but expensive, short term use
  • smudge pots and wax candles. - high cost of fuel/labor/air pollution.
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25
Q

Effects of hail?

A

can cause severe damage to vines at various stages of development. Hail can damage and rip young shoots and leaves, ripening grapes can be damaged becoming a point of entry for fungus and disease.
-yields can be reduced in the first and following seasons. If hail early in season, vine may be able to reshoot from existing buds.

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26
Q

management options for hail?

A
  • rockets filled with silver iodide seed clouds and cause rainfall rather than hail
  • netting the fruit zone - only used where there are high sunlight levels bc netting shades the fruit.
  • areas with a high risk of hail, growers may seek to have a number of plots in different areas to ensure continuity of production.
  • crop insurance
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27
Q

effects of sunburn?

A

browning of the grape, bitter taste, increased risked risk of rot due to skin damage. Sunburnt grapes typically removed therefore reducing yields.

28
Q

management options for sunburn?

A
  • row orientation and aspect can reduce direct sunlight. North Hemi- east/west orientation should be avoided.
  • canopy management - shading
  • additional irrigation is heatwave is forecast
  • agricultural sunscreen spray
  • shading with cloth or net
29
Q

effects of fire

A

-other than destroying crops, smoke taint is an issue

30
Q

management options for fire?

A
  • fire detectors and sprinklers
  • water tank
  • employee training
31
Q

effects of smoke taint?

A
  • smokey or plastic aromas in wine

- aroma compounds absorbed by grapes

32
Q

management options: smoke taint

A
  • affected musts can be tested/micro-vinification to identify
  • how grapes are handled can reduce effect - hand harvesting, gentle pressing, whole bunch pressing, lower fermentation temps, reduced macerations times
  • Flash detente and reverse osmosis help, but will not remove taint.
  • blending with unaffected wines.
33
Q

What are the symptoms of phylloxera?

A
  • vines die of drought in patches that increase in size each year
  • vine roots are covered in insects surrounded by yellow eggs
  • swellings on older roots
  • pale, green leaf galls on the under-surface of leaves
  • slow, stunted shoot growth and leaf yellowing appears around three years, plant dies around five years.
34
Q

management options of phylloxera?

A

-use of American rootstocks on European varieties

35
Q

what were the main issues of using American vines to combat phylloxera?

A

-grafting onto the rootstocks of single American varieties caused problems in the typically calcareous soils of Europe as these varieties have little lime tolerance. this caused chlorosis which halts photosynthesis therefore reducing yields and quality. the solution was to create hybrids between American species in order to balance lime tolerance and phylloxera protection.

36
Q

the use of rootstocks derived from American vines enabled the development of rootstocks that can deal with what?

A

phylloxera, nematodes, extremes of soil ph, water stress, salinity, and vigor

37
Q

what are nematodes?

A

microscopic worms, very common in soils. cause damage by feeding off vine roots, reducing yield and vigor. they also spread viral diseases

38
Q

how are nematodes spread?

A

either already present in the soil or spread by unclean nursery stock. once present, they cannot be eliminated, only controlled.

39
Q

management options for nematodes?

A
  • fumigate the soil - now banned in most regions.
  • plough in a cover crop if mustard plant which naturally kills nematodes
  • nematode resistent rootstocks, having ensured the they have been heat treated to kill nematodes
40
Q

what do grape moths do?

A
  • feed on flowers and grapes
  • several generations per season
  • wounds created then are vulnerable to attack from bacteria and fungi
41
Q

management options for grape moths?

A
  • biological controls: bacteria that is toxic to moths
  • pheromones to disrupt mating (sexual confusion)
  • natural predators

–also insecticides

42
Q

what are spider mites?

A
  • differ from regional to region
  • pacific spider mite most destructive in california
  • red spider mites, two forms of yellow spider mites
  • feed on surface cells of leaves leading to discoloration, reduced photosynthesis, delayed ripening, reduction in yields
  • thrive in dusty conditions and do most damage when vines are water stressed.
43
Q

management of spider mites?

A
  • make environment inhospitable with water sprinklers or cover crops/mulches to reduce dust.
  • planting predatory mites that feed on spider mites
  • general pesticides
44
Q

how can bird affect a vineyard?

A

-grapes are a source of food, bird damage allows bacteria and fungi to attack grapes leading to rot.

45
Q

management options: birds

A
  • netting, cost justified in high value areas or where birds are a major threat
  • bird scarers/noises
  • falcons
46
Q

mammals as hazards

A
  • eat shoots, grapes, leaves
  • damage done can lead to fungal disease and rot
  • damaging trellising
  • reduce yield and lower quality
47
Q

management of mammal hazards

A

-fencing, but has to be sufficient;y high and buried low enough to prevent burrowing

48
Q

describe powdery mildew

A
  • one of most widespread vine diseases around the world
  • overwinters in buds and canes, then attacking green parts of the vine
  • grapes split at verasion becoming prone to other infections
  • does not require high humidity and can spread in dry conditions, especially in dense shady canopies
49
Q

management options: powdery mildew

A
  • keep open canopy to reduce shade and leaf density
  • sulfur applications. spraying early is important bc disease is easier to prevent can contain
  • systemic fungicides in limited amounts so fungus does not become resistant.
50
Q

describe downy mildew

A
  • lives in vine tissue
  • attacks green part of vine, esp young leaves and flowers therefore reducing yields
  • needs rainfall and warm temps
  • symptoms are yellow “oil spots” and white fungus under leaves
51
Q

management options for downy mildew

A
  • sprays made of copper sulfate and lime, currently only option for organic growers.
  • other fungicides
  • good drainage and open canopy
52
Q

describe grey rot

A
  • botrytis
  • enters through wounds on grapes
  • can stay dormant and re-emerge at verasion
  • varieties with tight bunches or thin skins most susceptible
53
Q

management options for grey rot

A
  • select grape varieties with thick skins
  • protecting grapes from other pests
  • open canopy
  • sulfur and copper sprays ineffective, but other fungicides can be used. apply at key points in season, end of grape formation, at bunch closure, and verasion
  • use of biological control
54
Q

describe Eutypa Dieback

A
  • fungal trunk disease that leads to rotten wood, and can affect whole vineyards
  • significantly reduces yields and kills vines over 10 year period
  • infection spreads through pruning wounds in moderate temps and especially during rain
55
Q

management of Eutypa Dieback

A
  • difficult to control
  • late pruning and fungicide to pruning wounds effective
  • affected trunks cut back 5-10cm beyond visible symptoms/treated with fungicide
  • dead wood burned to avoid spread
  • biological controls
  • retrain vine from a sucks or remove vine
56
Q

Phomopsis cane and Leaf Spot

A
  • fungal disease
  • infected canes whiten and break easily
  • shoots develop brown cracks at base
57
Q

management of phomopsis and leaf spot

A
  • fungicides
  • disesed and dead wood removes and burned
  • canopy management that improves airflow
58
Q

Describe ESCA

A
  • complex fungal disease esp in warm climates
  • tiger striping of leaves
  • reduces yield and kills vine
59
Q

management of ESCA

A

-no chemical controls, only prevention

60
Q

Pierce’s disease

A
  • bacterial disease that quickly kills vines
  • clogs sap channels of vines
  • exact symptoms unclear so vines must be lab tested
  • spread by glassy-winged sharpshooter
61
Q

Management for Pierce’s disease

A
  • no chemical control
  • control by reducing vector - insecticides, biological controls
  • quarantine for affected plants
62
Q

describe grapevine yellows

A
  • caused by a bacteria
  • no treatment available
  • spread by vector
  • bacteria can live in range of plants, including the cover crops used in vineyards
63
Q

management of grapevine yellows

A
  • no control
  • focus on controlling vector - Leafhopper populations reduced by insecticide, removing plants that host vector
  • bathe pruning wood in hot water to kill disease.
64
Q

Fanleaf virus

A

-early shoot growth stunted, leaves look like a fan, distorted canes

65
Q

fan leaf virus management

A
  • no cure, affected vines will have to be removed and replaced
  • before replanting, test soil to check for dagger nematodes
  • virus-tested material planted
66
Q

leafroll virus

A
  • spread by grafting and mealy bugs
  • redices yield by half and negatively affects quality
  • slows growth of roots and shoots
  • fruit takes additional weeks to ripen, more acidity, less color, less sugar
  • downward rolling of leaves in autumn
67
Q

management for leaf roll virus

A
  • no cure, only solution is to remove unproductive vines and replant
  • nurseries can screen for virus
  • control mealy bugs

WSET Diploma Unit 1 (16 decks)

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