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AEBI211 > 8. Unicellular Eukaryotes > Flashcards

8. Unicellular Eukaryotes Flashcards

1
Q

Protozoa

A

Animal-like unicellular organisms

- Paraphyletic

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2
Q

Disadvantage of being unicellular

A
  • Limited size
  • Shorter life span: Prone to external damage / Shorter time for reproduction
  • No division of labor
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3
Q

Uncellular Eukaryotes

A
  • Complete organisms
  • Mostly motile
  • Require moisture
  • Cause diseases in many animals
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4
Q

Modes of Locomotion in Unicellular Eukaryotes

A
  • Flagella
  • Cilia
  • Pseudopodia
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5
Q

Undulipodia

A
  • Flagella & Cilia
  • Made up of microtubules
  • Flagella propels water parallel to flagellum axis
  • Cilia propels water parallel to the cell surface
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6
Q

Pseudopodia

A
  • Temporary projection of cell membrane
  • Used for locomotion and phagocytosis
  • Non-homogeneous cytoplasm
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7
Q

Endoplasm (Locomotion)

A
  • Inner fluid of cytoplasm in pseudopodia
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8
Q

Ectoplasm (Locomotion)

A
  • Outer semi-solid layer of cytoplasm in pseudopodia
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9
Q

Protozoan Taxonomy

A

Traditionally classified by body type (Not necessarily monophyletic)

  • Flagellates
  • Ciliates
  • Amoebas
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10
Q

Amoebas

A
  • Irregular shape
  • Travel using pseudopodia
  • Plasma membrane can be covered with a ‘test’ or shell
    • Testate vs naked amoeba
    • Shell can be from sand grains, calcium, or silica
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11
Q

Foraminifera

A

Testate amoeboid protozoans

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12
Q

Nutrition / Digestion of Unicellular Eukaryotes

A

Autotroph or Heterotrophs

  • Holozoic : Ingest food and digest (Phagocytosis)
  • Saprozoic : Ingest food in soluble form
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13
Q

Phagocytosis Process

A
  1. Plasma membrane folds around food
  2. Membrane is pinched off at the surface
  3. The food particle is in an intracellular membrane-bound vesicle - Food vacuole or phagosome
  4. Lysosomes fuse with the food vacuole and pour their contents into it
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14
Q

Cytostome

A

Cell mouth
- Site of phagocytosis
- Most ciliates, Many Flagellates
Amoebas don’t have - Phagocytosis occurs anywhere

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15
Q

Cytoproct

A

Site on Unicellular Eukaryotes where undigestible matter is expelled
- Occurs in many ciliates

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16
Q

Symbiosis

A

Mutualism - Both benefit
Commensalistic - One Partner benefits, neutral to the other
Parasitic - One partner benefits at the expense of the other

17
Q

Reproduction of protozoans

A

All do asexual reproduction

Some do sexual as well

18
Q

Types of Asexual Reproduction

A
  1. Binary Fission
  2. Multiple Fission (Schizogony)
    - Common among Apicomplexa and Some Amoebas
    - Sporogony - Spore formation
  3. Budding
  4. Gemmulation
  5. Fragmentation
    - Multicellular
19
Q

Conjugation

A

Form of sexual reproduction

  • Temporary union of two ciliate protozoa for the purpose of exchanging chromosomal material
  • Exchanging plasmids too
20
Q

Micronucleus

A

Sexual reproduction

- Mitotic division

21
Q

Macronucleus

A

Metabolism, synthesis, development

  • Amitotic division
  • Replication but randomly dispersed
22
Q

Binary Fission in Paramecium sp.

A
  1. Micronucleus begins mitosis
  2. Macronucleus begins elongation . Bud appears on cytosome
  3. Micronucleus divides. Macronucleus divides into two pieces. New gullet forms. Two new contractile vacuoles appear
  4. Division of cell body completed
23
Q

Conjugation in Paramecium sp.

A
  1. Two individuals contact
  2. Micronuclei divide by meiosis to produce four haploid micronuclei, Macronuclei degenerate
  3. Micronuclei degenerate except one. Micronucleus divides to form male and female pronuclei
  4. Two individuals exchange male pronuclei
  5. Two pronuclei is fused to make diploid nucleus and the two individuals separate
  6. Three mitotic division form eight micronuclei; four become macronuclei and three degeerate
  7. Micronucleus divides twice forming four daughter cells
24
Q

Apicomplexa

A

Phylum of parasitic protists

  • Endoparasites
  • Hosts include many animal phyla
  • No obvious, unifying locomotor organelles
  • Sexual and asexual reproduction
  • Sometimes use intermediate hosts
25
Q

Plasmodium falciparum

A

Malaria-causing parasites

  • Definitive host - insect
  • Intermediate host - Vertebrate
26
Q

Definitive host

A

Where sexual reproduction occurs

- If no sexual reproduction, where symbiont matures and reproduces

27
Q

Intermediate host

A
  • Some development of a symbiont

- Maturation and sexual reproduction do not occur

28
Q

Asexual Cycle of Plasmodium

A
  1. Sporozoites injected and migrate to liver.
  2. Sporozoites undergoes schizogony
  3. Merozoites released
  4. Merozoites enter red blood cells and undergo schizogony
  5. Macrogametocyte (female) and microgametocyte(male) forms / Trophozoite forms
  6. Gametocytes transmitted to insect. / Merozoites released from Trophozoite
29
Q

Sexual Cycle of Plasmodium

A
  1. Gametocytes are ingested by insect
  2. Ookinete(zygote) forms through fertilization
  3. Oocytes develop beneath stomach lining
  4. Sporogony occurs
  5. Sporozoites develop in oocysts and are released into salivary glands.
30
Q

Schizogony

A

Multiple fission

  • sporozoite to merozoites
  • n to n
31
Q

Sporogony

A

Special case of schizogony

  • zygote to spoeozoites
  • 2n to n

AEBI211 (12 decks)

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