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AEBI211 > 4. Phylogeny & Reproduction > Flashcards

4. Phylogeny & Reproduction Flashcards

1
Q

Phylogeny

A

The origin and diversification of any taxon, or the evolutionary history of its origin and diversification

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2
Q

Homology

A

Character similarity resulting from common ancestry

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3
Q

Homoplasy

A

non-homologous similarities that may be found in various organisms

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4
Q

Birds wings vs Bats wings

Homoplasy and homology

A

Wings itself - homoplasy

Forelimbs - homology

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5
Q

Cladistics

A

An approach or methodology for classifying organisms based on common evolutionary descent

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6
Q

Cladistics accomplished by

A

Comparing characters - can be morphological, chromosomal or molecular
- Sometimes even behavioral

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7
Q

Phylogenetic Tree

A

Branching diagram showing the inferred evolutionary relationships among various biological species

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8
Q

Cladogram

A

A diagram used in cladistics to show evolutionary relationships between organisms

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9
Q

Clade

A

a unit of evolutionary common descent that includes ancestral lineage and all descendants

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10
Q

Character

A

an organismal feature that varies between species

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11
Q

Ancestral Character

A

Character state present in the common ancestor

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12
Q

Derived character

A

all other variant forms of the character that rose later within the group

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13
Q

Monophyletic clade

A

includes the most recent common ancestor all descendants of that ancestor

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14
Q

Paraphyletic clade

A

includes the most recent common ancestor and some but not all descendants of that ancestor

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15
Q

Polyphyletic clade

A

does not include the most recent common ancestor of all members of the group

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16
Q

Sexual Reproduction

A

Reproduction through the fusion of two specialized cells-gametes

17
Q

Asexual reproduction

A

involves only one parent
No special reproductive organs or cells
Genetically identical offspring

18
Q

Advantage of Asexual Reproduction

A

Quick and energy efficient

Sexual reproduction takes about twice as long

19
Q

Disadvantages of Asexual Reproduction

A

Phenotypic diversity depends on mutation only

Muller’s ratchet: Accumulation of deleterious mutations

20
Q

Advantages of sexual reproduction

A

Ability to mix and match successful genes

21
Q

Disadvantages of sexual reproduction

A

Energetically costly

Males do not directly produce offspring

22
Q

Binary Fission

A

Mitosis leads to individual organisms

Common among bacteria and protozoa

23
Q

Schizogony

A

Multiple fission
nucleus divides repeatedly
Cytoplasmic division then produces many daughter cells

24
Q

Budding

A

Unequal division of an organism
Bud is an outgrowth of the parent
Develops organs and then detaches

25
Q

Gemmulation

A

Formation of a new individual from an aggregation of cells

Cells are surrounded by a resistant capsule - a “gemmule

26
Q

Fragmentation

A

“Binary Fission” for multicellular organisms

Breaks into parts that become a new individual

27
Q

Bisexual Reproduction

A

Most common form of sexual reproduction

28
Q

Hermaphroditism

A

자웅동체
Male and female organs occur in same individual
Most avoid self-fertilization

29
Q

Parthenogenesis

A

-Can be asexual
Embryo develops from unfertilized egg
Sperm may activate but not fuse with egg

30
Q

Dioecious

A

Having male and female gonads in separate individuals

31
Q

Monoecious

A

Having both male and female gonads in the same organism

32
Q

Oviparous

A

Eggs are released by female

Development occurs outside the maternal body

33
Q

Viviparous

A

Eggs develop within the female body, which provides nutritional aid
Internal fertilization

34
Q

Ovoviviparous

A
  • Reproduction in which eggs develop within the maternal body without additional nourishment from the parent
  • Hatch within parent or immediately after laying
  • Internal Fertilization

AEBI211 (12 decks)

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