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AS Level Biology > 8. TRANSPORT IN MAMMALS > Flashcards

8. TRANSPORT IN MAMMALS Flashcards

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1
Q

How is the mammalian cardiovascular system a closed system

A

blood always remains within vessels

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2
Q

Why is the mammalian cardiovascular system called a double circulatory system

A

blood flows twice through the heart in one complete circuit.

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3
Q

The function of arteries

A

to transport blood swiftly and at high pressure to the tissues

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4
Q

Layers of the arteries

A
  • tunica intima (squamous epithelium) (minimises friction with moving blood)
  • tunica media (elastic fibres, collagen fibres, smooth muscle)
  • tunica externa (collagen fibres and some elastic fibres)
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5
Q

Arteries near the heart contain more _____ and arteries away from the heart contain less elastic tissue and more _____ in the tunica media

A

more elastic tissue

smooth muscle

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6
Q

The distinctive characteristics of an artery

A

strength and elasticity

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7
Q

Role of elastic fibres in artery

A
  • allow the wall to stretch as pulses of blood at high pressure surge through, making the artery wider and reducing the pressure
  • allow the wall to recoil inwards as the pressure drops, making it narrower and raising the pressure
  • reduces the likelihood of artery bursting
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8
Q

What is a pulse

A

The stretching of the arteries due to the high pressure of the blood passing through it with each surge of blood from the heart

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9
Q

Significance of arterioles

A
  • control the volume of blood entering capillaries and thus tissues
  • reduce the pressure of blood going into the capillary (preventing oedemas)
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10
Q

The function of the capillaries

A

to take blood as close as possible to the all the cells, allowing rapid transfer of substances between the cells and blood

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11
Q

What places do capillaries not form a capillary bed

A
  • cornea

- cartilage

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12
Q

What allows some components of the blood to seep through into the spaces between the cells in all the tissues of the body

A

tiny gaps between the individual cells that form the endothelium

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13
Q

Functions of veins

A

to return blood to the heart

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14
Q

Movement of blood in veins

A
  • pressure in veins is produced by the contraction of skeletal muscles close to it
  • semilunar valves prevent backflow of blood away from heart
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15
Q

Role of plasma proteins in blood

A
  • regulate osmotic potential
  • regulate pH
  • some, such as fibrinogen, have a role in blood clotting
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16
Q

Function of haemoglobin in red blood cells

A

to transport oxygen from lungs to respiring tissues

17
Q

First site of red blood cell production

A

liver of foetus, while in the uterus

18
Q

Why do red blood cells not live long

A
  • membranes become more and more fragile

- eventually rupture in some ‘tight spot’ usually the spleen

19
Q

Plan an experiment for a haemoglobin dissociation curve

A

page 168

20
Q

Adaptations in people living at high altitudes to the low-oxygen environment

A
  • more red blood cells
  • broad chest (providing larger lung capacities)
  • larger heart, especially the right side, that pumps to the lungs
  • more haemoglobin in blood (increasing the efficiency of oxygen transport from lungs to tissues, compensating for low partial pressures)
  • increase in rate and depth of breathing
  • increase in heart rate
21
Q

What pushes valves open and shut

A

pressure differences in the blood

22
Q

Why do the right ventricles need to produce less force

A
  • only have to pump blood to the lungs which are very close to the heart
  • if too high a pressure was developed, tissue fluid would accumulate in the lungs, hampering gas exchange
23
Q

Function of the papillary muscles

A

papillary muscles attached to the valve by tendons prevent the atrioventricular valve from being forced inside-out

24
Q

Diameter of capillaries

A

7μm

25
Q

Features of capillaries

A
  • small diameter (7μm)
  • wall is made of a single layer of squamous epithelium
  • form a capillary bed throughout every tissue in the body (except cornea and cartilage)
  • spaces between cells
26
Q

Sources of carbon monoxide

A
  • exhaust fumes from cars

- cigarette smoke

27
Q

Explanation of the S shaped curve

A
  • oxygen molecule combines with the iron atoms in the haem group in the haemoglobin molecule
  • the whole haemoglobin molecule is slightly distorted
  • this makes it easier for successive O2 molecules to bind
28
Q

Problems with haemoglobin and CO

A
  • haemoglobin has a higher affinity for CO than O2

- carboxyhaemoglobin is a very stable compound and CO remains combined with Hb for a long time

29
Q

Symptoms of altitude sickness

A
  • increase in depth and rate of breating

- feeling of dizziness and weakness

AS Level Biology (10 decks)

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