8 theme: expression

Question 1

What is the purpose of bacteriophage promoters? (T3 for ex). With what molecule do they work?

Answer 1

Play an important role in controlling the initiation of transcription in genes (in bacterial cells). With RNA polymerase.

Question 2

Why is E. coli used for gene expression? What are the qualities of E. coli?

Answer 2

Rapid growth, high yield (production of large amounts of the target protein), high cell density

Question 3

Lac promoter. What is used for in gene expression?

Answer 3

It controls the expression of T7 RNA polymerase

Question 4

What are operators and why they are important in gene expression?

Answer 4

They are important for gene regulation since they are serving as binding sites for repressor proteins.

Question 5

What does a repressor protein do?

Answer 5

Binds to the operators and blocks RNA polymerase, silencing transcription of a gene.

Question 6

What is CAP (cAMP)?

Answer 6

its a regulatory protein in E. Coli

Question 7

How gene expression can be regulated in E. coli?

Answer 7

1) using T7 lysozyme (repressor of T7 polymerase)
2) using Lac repressor (repression of
transcription of T7 polymerase in
the absence of IPTG). IPTG inactivates Lac repressor.

Question 8

What is disintegration?

Answer 8

the process of breaking down the cell or tissue to release its internal components, including DNA

Question 9

What are inclusion bodies?

Answer 9

are dense, insoluble aggregates of proteins that accumulate in the cytoplasm or the periplasm of bacterial cells (such as E. coli) during overexpression of recombinant proteins.

Question 10

Chaperone-mediated protein folding

Answer 10

process where molecular chaperones (specialized proteins) assist in the proper folding of nascent or misfolded proteins.

Question 11

Immobilized proteins meaning

Answer 11

Immobilized proteins refer to proteins that are physically or chemically attached to a solid support or matrix, so they are unable to move freely in solution.

Question 12

What are terminators?

Answer 12

Sequences encoding signaling peptide

Question 13

What is used for cell cultures for passage?

Answer 13

trypsination

Question 14

Where are cells stored?

Answer 14

in liquid nitrogen

Question 15

Why are growth hormones essential for cell grow?

Answer 15

crucial for promoting the growth, survival, and differentiation of cells. These factors help mimic the natural signals that cells would receive in the body

Question 16

Name 3 growth hormones

Answer 16

PDGF (platelet-derived growth factor)
FGF (fibroblast growth factor)
EGF (epidermal growth factor

Question 17

What is mycoplasma?

Answer 17

bacteria without cell wall

Question 18

What is electroporation and why is it used?

Answer 18

Exposition of DNA and cells to high-voltage puls; This process temporarily increases the permeability of the cell membrane, allowing molecules that normally cannot pass through the membrane to enter the cell.

Question 19

What is protoplast fusion?

Answer 19

It is a laboratory technique used to combine the cytoplasm of two different plant or microbial cells by fusing their protoplasts, which are cells that have had their cell walls removed. This process enables the transfer of genetic material between different species or varieties, leading to the creation of hybrid cells that possess characteristics from both parent cells.