8 theme: expression Flashcards
What is the purpose of bacteriophage promoters? (T3 for ex). With what molecule do they work?
Play an important role in controlling the initiation of transcription in genes (in bacterial cells). With RNA polymerase.
Why is E. coli used for gene expression? What are the qualities of E. coli?
Rapid growth, high yield (production of large amounts of the target protein), high cell density
Lac promoter. What is used for in gene expression?
It controls the expression of T7 RNA polymerase
What are operators and why they are important in gene expression?
They are important for gene regulation since they are serving as binding sites for repressor proteins.
What does a repressor protein do?
Binds to the operators and blocks RNA polymerase, silencing transcription of a gene.
What is CAP (cAMP)?
its a regulatory protein in E. Coli
How gene expression can be regulated in E. coli?
1) using T7 lysozyme (repressor of T7 polymerase)
2) using Lac repressor (repression of
transcription of T7 polymerase in
the absence of IPTG). IPTG inactivates Lac repressor.
What is disintegration?
the process of breaking down the cell or tissue to release its internal components, including DNA
What are inclusion bodies?
are dense, insoluble aggregates of proteins that accumulate in the cytoplasm or the periplasm of bacterial cells (such as E. coli) during overexpression of recombinant proteins.
Chaperone-mediated protein folding
process where molecular chaperones (specialized proteins) assist in the proper folding of nascent or misfolded proteins.
Immobilized proteins meaning
Immobilized proteins refer to proteins that are physically or chemically attached to a solid support or matrix, so they are unable to move freely in solution.
What are terminators?
Sequences encoding signaling peptide
What is used for cell cultures for passage?
trypsination
Where are cells stored?
in liquid nitrogen
Why are growth hormones essential for cell grow?
crucial for promoting the growth, survival, and differentiation of cells. These factors help mimic the natural signals that cells would receive in the body
Name 3 growth hormones
PDGF (platelet-derived growth factor)
FGF (fibroblast growth factor)
EGF (epidermal growth factor
What is mycoplasma?
bacteria without cell wall
What is electroporation and why is it used?
Exposition of DNA and cells to high-voltage puls; This process temporarily increases the permeability of the cell membrane, allowing molecules that normally cannot pass through the membrane to enter the cell.
What is protoplast fusion?
It is a laboratory technique used to combine the cytoplasm of two different plant or microbial cells by fusing their protoplasts, which are cells that have had their cell walls removed. This process enables the transfer of genetic material between different species or varieties, leading to the creation of hybrid cells that possess characteristics from both parent cells.
