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2: Cognitive Neuroscience > 8: The Speaking Brain 2 > Flashcards

8: The Speaking Brain 2 Flashcards

1
Q

define: syntax

A

the arrangement of words and phrases to create well-formed sentences in a language.

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2
Q

what element of speech is used to formulate communicative intentions?

A

semantics

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3
Q

what component of speech is used to construct sentences?

A

syntax

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4
Q

what component of speech is used to select lexical semantics?

A

word retrieval

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5
Q

what component of speech is used to retrieve phonological code?

A

working memory

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6
Q

what is phonological code?

A

how we know how to make the sounds that we need for speech

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7
Q

a lesion in which area of the brain leads to problems with syntax?

A

broca’s area

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8
Q

broca’s aphasia is causes problems with what component of speech production?

A

syntax -loss of grammar

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9
Q

problems with articulation are as a result of which 2 conditions?

A

dysarthria & apraxia of speech

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10
Q

dysarthria & apraxia of speech are problems which with component of speech production?

A

articulation

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11
Q

logopenic aphasia is associated with problems in what component of speech production?

A

working memory

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12
Q

problems with working memory are associated with what condition in speech production?

A

logopenic aphasia

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13
Q

problems in wernike’s area lead to problems with which 2 components of speech production?

A

semantics & word retrieval

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14
Q

problems with semantics & word retrieval can be caused by damage to what area of the brain?

A

wernicke’s

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15
Q

what are the 3 stages of word retrieval

A

lexilisation
↓ = stage 1
lemma
↓ = stage 2
lexeme

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16
Q

define: lexilisation

A

Selecting a word based on the meaning one wants to convey

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17
Q

define: lemma

A

The word-level information that specifies the syntactic components of a word

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18
Q

define: lexeme

A

The phonological code that drives articulation

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19
Q

what happens during the lemma stage of speech production?

A

Retrieving and specifying the grammatical properties of the word

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20
Q

what happens during the lexeme stage of speech production?

A

Retrieving the phonological patterns needed to articulate the word

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21
Q

what is an example of a lexicalization issue

A

Freudian slip

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22
Q

what are 3 examples of issues with lexemes (phoneme-level errors)

A

tip of the tongue phenomenon
spoonerisms
malapropisms

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23
Q

define: spoonerism

A

the initial consonants are swapped between words (pells & bepsi)

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24
Q

define: malapropisms

A

saying a word with a similar phonological form to the intended word (eg for all intensive purposes vs for all intents and purposes)

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25
Q

how do homophone grammar mistakes provide evidence for levelt’s model of word retrieval?

A

we very rarely make mistakes where we use the homophone in the wrong grammatical setting - suggesting we retrieve the correct grammar (lemma) before we retrieve the lexeme

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26
Q

how does the tip-of-the-tongue phenomenon provide evidence for levelt’s model of word retrieval?

A

we know the lexicalization (meaning) & lemma (grammar), just can’t retrieve the lexeme

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27
Q

what are mixed errors of speech production?

A

Speech errors where the intended word and produced word are similar semantically and phonologically?
eg Saying “rat” when you meant “cat”? “Oyster” for “lobster”

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28
Q

how does the tip-of-the-tongue phenomenon provide criticisms of levelt’s model of speech production?

A

sometimes we know the first letter of a word we need, cannot explain the phonological retrieval of the word when we don’t know it in full yet

29
Q

what is teh distinctive difference between levelt’s & dell’s models of lexilisation

A

levelt = only moves in 1 direction through the stages
dell = interactive between layers, all levels of processing active simultaneously with election
of the “winning” word retrieved arising via a competitive process

30
Q

what does it mean to say dell’s model of speech production is competitive?

A
  • stimuli triggers ‘activation’ of ‘nodes’ at different layers
  • How ‘active’ nodes become is based on the ‘weighting’ of their connections
  • ‘Activation’ spreads based on ‘weighting’ until a pattern of ‘nodes’ exceeds a threshold
  • The word represented by the ‘winning’ pattern will be ‘retrieved’
31
Q

how does dell’s model of speech production explain mixed speech errors?

A
  • Activation simultaneously at the semantic and phonological layers - high activation = speech
  • The produced word is both phonologically and semantically similar (“oyster” for “lobster”
32
Q

how does dell’s model of speech production explain mixed speech errors?

A
  • Activation at the phonological layer
    but a word hasn’t ‘won’ the competition yet:
  • T-o-T phenomenon whilst knowing it starts with a certain phoneme
33
Q

what characterises speech for someone with logopenic aphasia?

A
  • Speech characterised by word-finding impairment and phonological speech
    errors (phonemic paraphasias)
  • But semantic memory is normal
34
Q

how does dell’s model of speech production explain logopenic aphasia

A

this pattern of impairment with issues with the phonological-lexical layer, with intact semantic-lexical layer

35
Q

what are the 3 layers in dell’s model of speech production?

A

semantic, words, phonemes

36
Q

what condition is logopenic aphasia associated with?

A

alzheimers

37
Q

people with logopenic aphasia often have atrophy in what part of the brain?

A

left posterior temporal cortex

38
Q

what are the levels of the SLAM mode of speech production?

A

semantic -> lexical -> auditory -> motor

39
Q

what parts of the brain are associated with each stage of the SLAM model of speech production?

A

semantic = temporal lobes
lexical = auditory cortex
auditory = inferior parietal cortex
motor = frontal cortex

40
Q

what neuroanatomical model is the SLAM model of speech production based on?

A

duel stream model of speech

41
Q

what are the 2 streams in the dual stream model of speech?

A

dorsal & ventral

42
Q

what does the dorsal stream in the dual stream model of speech do?

A

speech production (motor)

43
Q

how is info passed through the brain in the dorsal stream for speech production?

A

Auditory information is passed through the parietal lobe to the inferior frontal gyrus and motor cortex

44
Q

what does the ventral stream in the dual stream model of speech do?

A

speech comprehension (semantics)

45
Q

how is info passed through the brain in the ventral stream for speech production?

A

Auditory information is passed through temporal cortex to temporal pole for comprehension (semantic knowledge)

46
Q

when would just the dorsal stream of speech production be used?

A

when you’re repeating someone else (no need to decide what to say)

47
Q

where is the dorsal stream of activity in the brain for speech repetition?

A

superior temporal gyrus -> broca’s area -> motor cortex

48
Q

how does the order of brain areas for the ventral & dorsal streams of speech production compare to each other?

A

we first use the ventral stream in reverse followed by the dorsal stream
Temporal lobes → Auditory cortex → inferior parietal cortex → frontal cortex

49
Q

define: parsing

A

assigning a syntactic structure to words

50
Q

what moderates the activity in broca’s area?

A

syntactic complexity - the higher the complexity the greater the activity

51
Q

what are the 2 competing explanations for parsing’s mechanisms?

A

structure driven vs discourse driven

52
Q

what is the structure driven explanation for parsing?

A

based only on syntactic properties - syntax separate from semantics

53
Q

what is the discourse driven explanation for parsing?

A

influenced by semantic properties of words
* semantics integrated with syntactic processing

54
Q

define: garden path sentences

A

A sentence in which the early part biases a syntactic interpretation (that turns out to be incorrect)

55
Q

what does the N400-P600 distinction tell us about syntax and semantics?

A

N400 only for semantic anomalies
P600 only for syntactic anomalies
- shows distinction of semantic from syntax in the brain

56
Q

how does logopenic aphasia evidence the separation of syntax and working memory

A

their syntax is fine they just can’t repeat long sentences cause their working memory is bad

57
Q

what are the different roles of the anterior and posterior parts of broca’s area?

A

posterior = processing hierarchical structures and sequencing
anterior = working memory and semantic control

58
Q

define: articulation

A

The formation of clear and distinct sounds in speech

59
Q

define: syllabification

A

The process of segmenting phonological information into syllables across adjacent morphemes and adjacent words

60
Q

what parts of the brain are associated with phoneme level articulation?

A

motor area,
pallidum (basal ganglia),
posterior superior temporal gyrus

61
Q

what parts of the brain are associated with syllable level articulation?

A

ventral premotor cortex

62
Q

apraxia is associated with damage to what area of the brain?

A

insula

63
Q

what characterises apraxia of speech?

A

Difficulty shaping the vocal tract

64
Q

what characterises dysarthria?

A

Impairment in muscular contractions of articulators

65
Q

dysarthria is associated with damage to which areas of the brain?

A

cerebellum & basal ganglia

66
Q

what kind of models are seen as the future of cognitive neuroscience?

A

Neuroanatomically-constrained computational models

67
Q

if you stimulate the left inferior parietal areas of the brain, how does this influence speech production?

A

led participants to believe they had moved their lips to talk

68
Q

if you stimulate the premotor region of the brain, how does this influence speech production?

A

triggers mouth movements that participants were not conscious of

2: Cognitive Neuroscience (11 decks)

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