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2: Cognitive Neuroscience > 6: The Social & Emotional Brain 2 > Flashcards

6: The Social & Emotional Brain 2 Flashcards

1
Q

what is the most ‘expensive’ organ in the body?

A

heart

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2
Q

what is the social cognition hypothesis?

A

social cognition, the mental operations underlying social interactions, including perceiving, interpreting, and generating responses to the intentions, dispositions, and behaviors of others, is a key component of human intelligence and social functioning.

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3
Q

is postnatal experience essential for face preference?

A

no - it is found in foetuses

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4
Q

at what age did foetuses show a preference for faces?

A

34 weeks

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5
Q

how do newborns (1st hour) react to face - like patterns?

A

newborns prefer face-like patterns, and are sensitive to the structure of the human face

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6
Q

what area of the brain is activated by faces at 5 months?

A

right occipital lobe

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7
Q

what was the difference between happy and fearful facial processing at 5 month?

A

no difference, sensitivity to facial emotions immature at this age

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8
Q

in the visual cliff at 12 months, if a mother expressed interest/joy did the baby cross?

A

yes

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9
Q

in the visual cliff at 12 months, if a mother expressed fear/anger did the baby cross?

A

no

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10
Q

what does the visual cliff teach us about infant decision making?

A

at 1 year infants use the emotions of others to inform their decision making - especially during uncertain situations

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11
Q

do infants show a preference for open/closed eyes

A

yes - open eyes are preferred

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12
Q

at what age will infants shift their gage to follow another’s eye direction?

A

4 months

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13
Q

what is the suggested explanation for infants’ predisposition to focusing on eyes?

A

the contrast of the while to the pupil is very distinct for infants who will have poor visual acuity

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14
Q

do newborns have a preference surrounding gaze?

A

yes - they prefer direct gaze

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15
Q

what was the ERP associated with neural gaze in infants

A

N170 showed enhanced neural processing of direct gaze

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16
Q

what part of eye gaze detection do autistic people struggle with?

A

using eye gaze information to predict behaviour - not if someone is looking at you or not

17
Q

which 2 parts of the brain are the basis for eye-gaze detection

A

Superior Temporal Sulcus & Fusiform Face Area

18
Q

is the role of the superior temporal sulcus in eye-gaze detection?

A

o Activated in the eye gaze detection task
o Involved in changeable features of the face
o Lesion impairs the ability to detect gaze direction

19
Q

what is the role of the Fusiform Face Area in eye-gaze detection?

A

o Activated in the face identity task
o Processing of unchangeable features of facial features

20
Q

when looking at superior temporal sulcus activity in an eye gaze task looking at goal & non-goal-oriented eye movements, what was the difference between participants with ASD & non-ASD participants?

A

ASD participants showed less difference in STS activation for the goal vs non-goal-oriented eye gaze (the goal didn’t affect their STS activity that much) compared to non-ASD participants

21
Q

what part of eye gaze detection is influenced in people with ASD?

A

perception of the gaze shift not linked with its mentalistic significance (intention)

22
Q

what are the 2 components of empathy?

A

affective & cognitive

23
Q

define: affective empathy

A

the physiological response to another’ emotions

24
Q

define: cognitive empathy

A

our understanding of another’s thoughts, intentions etc

25
Q

which theory/mechanism is linked to affective empathy?

A

mirroring/ simulation theory

26
Q

which theory/mechanism is linked to cognitive empathy?

A

mentalising/ Theory of mind

27
Q

define: theory of mind

A

The ability to infer mental states (desires, feelings) and intentions of others

28
Q

what parts of the brain are associated with empathy & theory of mind?

A

o the medial prefrontal cortex
o temporoparietal junction
o temporal poles

29
Q

what part of the mind is exclusively for empathy not theory of mind?

A

amygdala

30
Q

what part of the mind is exclusively for theory of mind not empathy?

A

orbitofrontal cortex

31
Q

what is the role of the temporal poles?

A

o Language and semantic memory
o Possible role: Representing/activating semantic schemas that specify current social and emotional context

32
Q

what is the role of the parieto-temporal junction?

A

o Activated by perception of biological motion, eye-gaze, moving mouth and living things
o Possible role: detecting other agents

33
Q

what is the role of the prefrontal cortex?

A

o Activated more by thinking about people than thinking about objects
o Activated more by thinking about minds than thinking about physical characteristics
o Pragmatics of language: metaphors, irony – intention needs to be derived in order to
understand
o Possible Role: binding together different kinds of info: actions, agents, goals, beliefs etc.

34
Q

what is the conclusion from children under 4 failing the sally-ann task?

A

they cannot yet form a representation of other persons mental state

35
Q

what is a criticism of the sally-ann task?

A
  • False belief tasks not only involve representing others’ mental states
  • Involves inhibition and problem solving
  • What if ToM is present earlier, but we can’t measure it using a traditional false belief task
36
Q

what were the findings of the food preference task looking at toddler’s theory of mind?

A

o 14-month-olds: 54% gave the preferred food to the experimenter
o 18-month-olds: 92% gave the preferred food to the experimenter

37
Q

what is the disharmony between the sally-ann, smurf and food preference tasks for children’s theory of mind

A

sally ann= TOM at 4-5 years
food preference= TOM at 18 months
smurf = 7 months

38
Q

what does the smurf test on theory of mind teach us infants understanding?

A
  • The beliefs of the agent influenced the infants’ looking behaviour, even though they clashed with the infants’ own beliefs.
  • Infants computed the agent’s (smurf’s) belief
    computing others’ beliefs is spontaneous, automatic and effortless and infants can do it at 7 months
39
Q

what is the correct timeline for preference for face-like stimuli, facial expression recognition, theory of mind & sensitivity to eye-gaze info?

A

o Preference for face-like stimuli – in utero
o Sensitivity to eye-gaze information – first few days of life
o Facial expression recognition – 2nd half of first year
o ToM – at least some aspects present in the 2nd half of first year

2: Cognitive Neuroscience (11 decks)

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