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The American West 1840-1895 > 8 - The Cattle Industry > Flashcards

8 - The Cattle Industry Flashcards

1
Q

True or False? - Cattle are not native to North America.

A

True - Cattle were brought over to North America by the European settlers.

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2
Q

Who brought cattle over to North America?

A

European settlers

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3
Q

In the 1850s, where was the major centre of cattle ranching in the US?

A

Southern Texas

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4
Q

What is the significance of southern Texas in the 1850s in the world of the cattle industry?

A

It was the centre of ranching and where the industry began,.

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5
Q

What breed of cattle was bred in southern Texas in the 1850s?

A

Texas longhorn

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6
Q

The original Spanish imports of cattle developed into what?

A

The Texas longhorns

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7
Q

What did the Texas longhorns develop from?

A

The original Spanish imports of cattle which they had brought over from Europe when they settled in North America.

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8
Q

What was the drawback of the Texas longhorn?

A

Their poor quality of meat.

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9
Q

True or False? - The Texas longhorn was a poor quality of meat.

A

True - This was one of their major drawbacks.

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10
Q

When did beef become a popular food?

A

The 1850s

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11
Q

Which side did Texas fight in during the American Civil War (1861-1865)?

A

The Confederacy

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12
Q

True or False? - Texas was on the winning side of the American Civil War.

A

False - Texas was on the side of the Confederacy (southern states) who lost the American Civil War to the Union (the northern states).

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13
Q

How did the American Civil War (1861-1865) affect the cattle industry?

A

Texans returned home to find their number of cattle had increased dramatically.

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14
Q

True or False? - The Homesteaders permitted for the Texans to drive their cattle through their land in order to reach the markets in the East.

A

False - The Homesteaders did not permit the Texans to pass through their land as their Texas longhorn cattle carried a disease called Texas fever which infected the Homesteader’s cattle, killing them. The Homesteaders would turn the Texans back.

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15
Q

Why did the Homesteaders turn the Texan ranchers back on their cattle drives?

A

Their Texan longhorns carried a disease called Texas fever which infected and killed the Homesteader cattle.

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16
Q

What disease did the Texas longhorn cattle carry?

A

Texas fever

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17
Q

Which breed of cattle carried the disease Texas fever?

A

Texas longhorns

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18
Q

How did Texas fever spread?

A

Through ticks carried by the Texas longhorns.

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19
Q

Why did the Texan ranchers need to drive their cattle through Homesteader land?

A

They needed to reach the cattle markets in the East.

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20
Q

In 1866, where did Charles Goodnight and Oliver Loving drive their herd of cattle to?

A

Fort Summer, New Mexico

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21
Q

Who drove their cattle to Fort Summer, New Mexico, in 1866?

A

Charles Goodnight and Oliver Loving

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22
Q

In what year did Charles Goodnight and Oliver Loving drive their cattle to Fort Summer in New Mexico?

A

1866

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23
Q

Who accompanied Oliver Loving as he drove his herd of cattle to Fort Summer, New Mexico, in 1866?

A

Charles Goodnight

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24
Q

Who accompanied Charles Goodnight as he drove his herd of cattle to Fort Summer, New Mexico, in 1866?

A

Oliver Loving

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25
Q

Who did Charles Goodnight and Oliver Loving sell their cattle to at Fort Summer, New Mexico, when they drove their herd there in 1866?

A

The US army in their forts and the Indians on their reservations.

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26
Q

What was the name of the trail from Texas to Fort Summer in New Mexico developed by Charles Goodnight and Oliver Loving in 1866?

A

The Goodnight-Loving Trail

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27
Q

Who developed the Goodnight-Loving Trail in 1866?

A

Charles Goodnight and Oliver Loving

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28
Q

When was the Goodnight-Loving Trail developed?

A

1866

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29
Q

Where did the Goodnight-Loving Trail go to and from?

A

Texas to Fort Summer, New Mexico

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30
Q

Why was the Goodnight-Loving Trail important?

A

It allowed the cattle industry to survive as they were unable to reach the cattle markets in the East, as the Homesteaders blocked the Texan cattle ranchers from crossing their land in fear that their Texas longhorns would pass on Texas fever to their cattle, which would kill them.

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31
Q

What did Joseph McCoy develop in 1867?

A

Abilene, Kansas - The first cow town

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32
Q

In which state is Fort Summer located?

A

New Mexico

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33
Q

In which state is Abilene located?

A

Kansas

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34
Q

What is the significance of Abilene, Kansas?

A

It was the first cow town, developed by Joseph McCoy in 1867.

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35
Q

In what year did Joseph McCoy develop Abilene, Kansas, the first cow town?

A

1867

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36
Q

What was in Abilene, Kansas, which allowed the cattle to be taken from Texas to the East?

A

The railroads

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37
Q

Once cows where in Abilene, where were they taken to?

A

The East by railroad

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38
Q

Why were cow towns important?

A

They allowed cattle to be shipped to the East by railroad where the greatest market was.

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39
Q

Why did cattle ranchers want to ship their cattle to the East?

A

It was the most populous part of the country with the major market.

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40
Q

In what time of the year did cattle drives take place?

A

The summer

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41
Q

Where did the cattle drive go to and from?

A

From Texas to cow towns

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42
Q

How many roles were there in a cattle drive?

A

6

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43
Q

What were the 6 roles in the cattle drive?

A
  1. Trail boss
  2. Point riders
  3. Swing and flank riders
  4. Drag riders
  5. Wrangler
  6. Cook
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44
Q

What was the role of the trail boss in the cattle drive?

A

They rode up front and were in charge. They gave orders, chose the route and dictated the pace of the cattle drive.

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45
Q

Who rode up front in a cattle drive?

A

The trail boss

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46
Q

Who chose the route on the cattle drive?

A

The trail boss

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47
Q

Who was in charge of the cattle drive?

A

The trail boss

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48
Q

Who set the pace of the cattle drive?

A

The trail boss

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49
Q

What was the role of the point riders in the cattle drive?

A

They led the herd in the direction chosen by the trail boss.

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50
Q

Who led the herd in the direction chosen by the trail boss?

A

Point riders

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51
Q

What was the role of the swing and flank riders in the cattle drive?

A

To ride at the sides and keep the herd from spreading too widely.

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52
Q

Who rode at the side of the her and stopped it from spreading too widely?

A

The swing and flank riders

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53
Q

What was the role of the drag riders in the cattle drive?

A

Rode at the rear and kept the stragglers moving. This was the worst job as they had to ride in the dust of the herd all day.

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54
Q

Who rode at the back of the cattle drive and kept stragglers moving?

A

The drag riders

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55
Q

Why did the drag riders have the worst job in the cattle drive?

A

They rode at the rear of the herd all day in a cloud of dust the herd created.

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56
Q

Who had the worst job in the cattle drive?

A

The drag riders

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57
Q

What was the role of the wrangler in the cattle drive?

A

To look after the remuda - the herd of horses which the cowboys rode. They were usually an inexperienced cowboy.

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58
Q

What was the remuda?

A

The herd of horses the cowboys rode.

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59
Q

What is the name given to the herd of horses that the cowboys rode?

A

The remuda

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60
Q

Who looked after the remuda?

A

The wrangler

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61
Q

True or False? - The wrangler was usually an inexperienced cowboy.

A

True - They were tasked with looking after the remuda.

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62
Q

What was the role of the cook in the cattle drive?

A

To drive the chuck wagon. They also acted as the doctor.

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63
Q

Who acted as the doctor on the cattle drive?

A

The cook

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64
Q

True or False? - Cowboys were mainly white.

A

True - Around 63% of cowboys were white, however 25% were black and 12% were Mexican.

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65
Q

What proportion of cowboys were black?

A

25%

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66
Q

What proportion of cowboys were white?

A

63%

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67
Q

What proportion of cowboys were Mexican?

A

12%

68
Q

Which ethnicity accounted for 63% of cowboys?

A

Whites

69
Q

Which ethnicity accounted for 25% of cowboys?

A

Blacks

70
Q

Which ethnicity accounted for 12% of cowboys?

A

Mexicans

71
Q

Who was John W. Illiff?

A

One of the earliest ranchers on the Plains who discovered that cattle could survive the winter on the Plains.

72
Q

What did John W. Illiff discover?

A

That cattle could survive the winter on the Plains.

73
Q

What did John W. Illiff do once discovering that cattle could survive the winter on the Plains?

A

Build up his herd to 35,000 cattle.

74
Q

Who did John W. Illiff sell cattle to?

A

The railroad builders, and after securing a US government contract in 1868, the Sioux whom were living on reservations.

75
Q

What was John W. Illiff awarded by the US government in 1868?

A

A contract to sell cattle to the Sioux living on reservations.

76
Q

Who awarded John W. Illiff a contract in 1868 to sell cattle to the Sioux living on reservations?

A

The US government

77
Q

Who did the US government award a contract to in 1868 to sell cattle to the Sioux living on reservations?

A

John W. Illiff

78
Q

In what year was John W. Illiff awarded a contract by the US government to sell cattle to the Sioux living on reservations?

A

1868

79
Q

Who was John W. Illiff contracted to sell cattle to by the US government in 1868?

A

The Sioux living on reservations

80
Q

In 1868 John W. Illiff was awarded a contract by the US government to sell cattle to the Sioux, but where were they living?

A

On reservations

81
Q

What did Charles Goodnight to in 1870?

A

Bought land in Colorado which he stocked with Texas longhorns and began ranching.

82
Q

In 1870 Charles Goodnight bought some land and began stocking it wit Texas longhorns for open ranching. Where was this land located?

A

Colorado

83
Q

In what year did Charles Goodnight buy land in Colorado and stock it with Texas longhorns for open range ranching?

A

1870

84
Q

What did Charles Goodnight do with the land he bought in Colorado in 1870?

A

Stocked it with Texas longhorns and began open range ranching.

85
Q

What was the open range?

A

Rather than driving cattle across the Plains from Texas, they were ranched on the Plains.

86
Q

When did Oliver Loving die?

A

1867

87
Q

How did Oliver Loving die?

A

He was wounded by a Comanche Indian raiding party during a cattle drive.

88
Q

Which nation of Indians killed Oliver Loving in 1867?

A

The Comanche

89
Q

Was Charles Goodnight’s open range ranch in Colorado successful?

A

No

90
Q

Where was Charles Goodnight’s successful JA open range ranch located?

A

Texas

91
Q

What was the name of Charles Goodnight’s successful open range ranch?

A

The JA ranch, located in Texas

92
Q

In 1878, what did starving bands of Comanche and Kiowa Indians do?

A

Leave their reservations to hunt buffalo, but upon finding none took some of Charles Goodnight’s cattle from his JA ranch in Texas.

93
Q

What bands of Indians took cattle from Charles Goodnight’s JA ranch in Texas in 1878?

A

The Comanche and Kiowa

94
Q

In what year did the Comanche and Kiowa Indians take cattle from Charles Goodnight’s JA ranch in Texas?

A

1878

95
Q

Why did the Comanche and Kiowa Indians take cattle from Charles Goodnight’s JA ranch in Texas?

A

They were starving on their reservations so they left to go hunt buffalo. However they were unsuccessful in finding any.

96
Q

What was Charles Goodnight’s response when the Comanche and Kiowa Indians took cattle from his JA ranch in 1878 after they unsuccessfully found any buffalo to treat their starvation?

A

He arranged a meeting with them and agreed that the Indians could keep his cattle on their land if they paid him 2 beef cattle a day.

97
Q

Why did Charles Goodnight agree to allowing the Comanche and Kiowa Indians to keep his cattle on their land in return for 2 beef cattle a day?

A

He knew that they would soon be forced back onto their reservations by the US army - this is exactly what happened.

98
Q

What are the 4 reasons as to why ranching on the Plains was successful?

A
  1. The Plains Indians had been defeated and confined to their reservations.
  2. The buffalo were gone.
  3. Ticks that caused Texas fever were killed off by the cold if the cattle were kept on the northern Plains during the winter.
  4. The railroads crossed the Plains and were able to take the cattle to market.
99
Q

What did Gustavus Swift invent?

A

The refrigerated railway cart

100
Q

Who invented the refrigerated railway cart?

A

Gustavus Swift

101
Q

What did the invention of the refrigerated railway cart do?

A

Allowed cattle to be slaughtered at a huge slaughterhouse in Chicago, Illinois, before being sent to the East for sale.

102
Q

Where was there a huge slaughterhouse where cattle were shipped to by railroad for slaughter?

A

Chicago, Illinois

103
Q

After being slaughtered in Chicago, Illinois, where was cattle meat then sent to?

A

the East in refrigerated railway carts which Gustavus Swift invented.

104
Q

True or False? - Open range ranches had no fences.

A

True

105
Q

What problems did the lack of fencing cause for open ranch ranges?

A

It was hard to establish ownership of cattle which wandered onto another ranch.

106
Q

How did the cattlemen solve the problem of claiming ownership of cattle which wandered onto another open range ranch?

A

Branding their cattle.

107
Q

What did branding cattle act as a defence against?

A

Cattle rustlers who may steal and drive off cattle.

108
Q

When was the period of open range ranching on the Plains?

A

1880-1885

109
Q

As the price of cattle rose, ranchers but more cattle onto the open range. However when the popularity of beef fell, ranchers kept their cattle on their ranches instead of sending them to market. What effect did this have?

A

Pressure was put onto the stocks of grass as cattle were kept on the ranch. A drought in 1883 added to the problem as grass withered.

110
Q

What happened in the winter of 1886-1887?

A

A blizzard killed off thousands of cattle.

111
Q

When did a blizzard kill off thousands of cattle?

A

Winter of 1886-1887

112
Q

What effect did barbed wire have on open range ranching?

A

It kept out competition and cut labour costs as ranchers did not have to go hunt down their stray cattle.

113
Q

Who were the original cowboys?

A

Spanish vacqueros in what later became Texas.

114
Q

Who were the Spanish vacqueros?

A

The original cowboys who lived in what later became Texas.

115
Q

When did the word cowboy come into use?

A

The 1870s

116
Q

What word came into use in the 1870s?

A

Cowboy

117
Q

What was the word cowboy used to describe?

A

Men who worked with cattle on the cattle drives and ranches.

118
Q

What was the name given to men who worked with cattle on the cattle drives and ranches?

A

Cowboy

119
Q

True or False? - The work of a cowboy was well paid.

A

False - The work of a cowboy was poorly paid.

120
Q

What jobs did cowboys perform?

A
  1. Looking after the cattle
  2. Line riding in winter
  3. Driving cattle in the spring and summer
121
Q

What was line riding?

A

Patrolling the ranch boundary herding stray cattle back onto the ranch, driving off strays from neighbouring ranches, discouraging rustling, reducing injured animals and shooting predators.

122
Q

How did the introduction of barbed wire change the role of the cowboy?

A

They now patrolled the barbed wire fence, repairing damaged parts. This was a boring job and the cowboys could no longer follow their own routes - only the wire.

123
Q

True or False? - Cowboys carried guns.

A

True - Cowboys did carry guns, often revolvers. They were an essential status symbol.

124
Q

True or False? - The conflict between the cattle ranchers and Homesteaders ended once the cattle ranchers began ranching on the Plains.

A

False - There were disputes over land and access to water.

125
Q

What conflict arose between the cattle ranchers and the Homesteaders after the cattle ranchers began ranching on the Plains?

A

the cattle ranchers wanted their open ranch ranges to have access to water. The Homesteaders wanted to fence off their land - and the water supplies - to protect their crops from straying cattle.

126
Q

What threat did flocks of sheep pose to the cattle industry?

A

They competed for grazing land.

127
Q

In which part of the USA was sheep rearing most common?

A

The south-western states

128
Q

What were the advantages of sheep rearing?

A

It required smaller initial investments and offered quicker returns than cattle.

129
Q

What forms of violence did cattle ranchers direct at sheep owners?

A
  1. Killed sheep
  2. Murdered shepherds
  3. Burned the hay which farmers sold as fodder to sheep farmers
130
Q

What usually fulled the violence that the cattle ranchers directed at the sheep owners?

A

Racial intolerance - sheep owners were often of non-European origin, such as Mexicans, Indians or sometimes Mormons. Many shepherds were Scots, Basques or Mexicans.

131
Q

Why did some cattle ranchers cut barbed wire?

A

To prevent their ranch being cut off from a water supply.

132
Q

In which state is Johnson County located?

A

Wyoming

133
Q

Who settled Johnson County, Wyoming, in the 1870s?

A

Cattle ranchers

134
Q

Men who owned large scale ranches were called what?

A

Cattle barons

135
Q

What was a cattle baron?

A

A man who owned a large scale ranch.

136
Q

How were the Johnson County cattle barons associated with the state government?

A

They were members of the Wyoming Stock Growers Association. Other members included the Governor and State Senators.

137
Q

Who were members of the Wyoming Stock Growers Association?

A

The cattle barons of Johnson County, the State Governor, and State Senators.

138
Q

What organisation were the cattle barons of Johnson County, the State Governor and many State Senators members of?

A

The Wyoming Stock Growers Association

139
Q

What was the purpose of the Wyoming Stock Growers Association?

A

To protect the interest of powerful people in the state.

140
Q

What were the 3 threats which faced the interest of powerful people in Johnson County?

A
  1. Cattle ranching - Beef prices were falling and droughts in 1883 and the harsh winter of 1886-1887 severely damaged the industry’s income.
  2. Growing number of Homesteaders and small ranchers - This was creating disputes over land ownership as they settled on land which the cattle barons claimed to on.
  3. Rustling - The cattle barons were loosing their cattle to rustling and they blamed the Homesteaders sand small ranches.
141
Q

Why did the Johnson County cattle barons hire Frank Canton?

A

Rustling was a problem in the County and the cattle barons were loosing cattle. They blamed the Homesteaders and small ranchers. It was hard to get local juries to convict men of rustling, so they took the law into their own hands and hired Canton - a gunfighter - as their cheif detective to hunt down cattle rustlers.

142
Q

Who did the cattle barons of Johnson County hire as their chief detective to track down cattle rustlers?

A

Frank Canton, a gunfighter.

143
Q

When did the first killings in the Johnson County War take place?

A

1889

144
Q

Who was killed in the first killings of the Johnson County War in 1889?

A

Jim Averill and his prostitute partner Ella Watson. They were living on land that the cattle barons claimed. They had wrote in the local newspaper that the cattle barons were land grabbers. In July 1889 they were lynched. Nobody was prosecuted for this crime. The cattle barons claimed that the 2 had been rustlers.

145
Q

What did the cattle barons of Johnson County plan in 1892?

A

A full scale invasion of the County.

146
Q

Who led the cattle baron’s full scale invasion of Johnson County in 1892?

A

Major Frank Wolcott

147
Q

Who was Major Frank Wolcott?

A

The man who led the cattle baron’s full scale invasion of Johnson County in 1892.

148
Q

When did the cattle barons plan a full scale invasion of Johnson County, Wyoming?

A

1892

149
Q

How was the acting Governor of Wyoming involved in the gunfighter’s full scale invasion of Johnson County?

A

He was aware of it, and even supplied them with guns!

150
Q

What did the acting Governor of Wyoming supply to the cattle barons?

A

Guns

151
Q

How did the Union Pacific Railroad Company play a role in the Johnson County War?

A

They provided a special train to take the gunfighters to the county.

152
Q

Who provided a special train to take the gunfighters to Johnson County?

A

The Union Pacific Railroad Company

153
Q

What was the aim of the gunfighters in the Johnson County War?

A

To capture the town of Buffalo, kill the sheriff and then kill the rest of the men on a list they had drawn up.

154
Q

How did the gunfighters begin their attack on Buffalo during the Johnson County War?

A

They cut the telegraph wires to cut off Johnson County from the outside world.

155
Q

Who held up the gunfighters at the KC ranch during the Johnson County War?

A

Nate Champion

156
Q

What role did Nate Champion play during the Johnson County War?

A

He held up the gunfighters all day until they finally burned down his cabin.

157
Q

How did the gunfighters defeat Nate Champion during the Johnson County War

A

They burned down his cabin after he held them up all day.

158
Q

What happened once the gunfighter approached Buffalo during the Johnson County War?

A

Local people were armed and ready to fight them. So they retreated south to the TA ranch.

159
Q

Where did the gunfighters retreat to after locals prepared to fight them at Buffalo in the Johnson County War?

A

The TA ranch

160
Q

Where did the gunfighters retreat to after locals prepared to fight them at Buffalo in the Johnson County War? The TA ranch or the KC ranch?

A

The TA ranch - The KC ranch is the ranch where Nate Champion managed to hold up all of the gunfighters for a day before they finally burned down his cabin.

161
Q

What happened at the TA ranch in the Johnson County War?

A

The local people captured the gunfighters until they were rescued by the US cavalry and taken into protective custody.

162
Q

How many casualties were there in the Johnson County War?

A

2

163
Q

Who were the 2 casualties of the Johnson County War?

A

Nate Champion and his friend Nick Ray, who had died while holding up the gunfighters at the KC ranch.

164
Q

What was the result of the Johnson County War?

A

The cattle barons were defeated and brought to trial however they were never convicted. But, they were widely condemned. They never held the same amount of power in Wyoming again. Homesteaders and ranchers could continue their lives in peace.

165
Q

True or False? - The cattle barons were convicted for their role in the Johnson County War.

A

False - The cattle barons were brought to trial but were not convicted. However they were condemned.

166
Q

True or False? - The cattle barons never held the same amount of power in Wyoming again after the Johnson County War.

A

True

The American West 1840-1895 (4 decks)

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