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HS 3630 > 8: Sexual-Gender Based Violence > Flashcards

8: Sexual-Gender Based Violence Flashcards

1
Q

PHYSICAL VIOLENCE

A

ANY DELIBERATE ACTION THAT DIRECTLY IMPAIRS SOMEONE’S PHYSICAL INTEGRITY AND SAFETY

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2
Q

STRUCTURAL VIOLENCE

A

WHEN HISTORICAL PROCESSES AND FACTORS CONSTRAIN INDIVIDUAL AGENCY AND INCREASE VULNERABILITY TO INJURY, DISEASE, AND VARIOUS FORMS OF SOCIAL SUFFERING

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3
Q

gender-based violence

A

family and sexual-based violence directed at females by males

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4
Q

definitions of macho are associated with GBV including

A

dominance, toughness, male honour, invulnerability, respect and dignity
- respect mothers
- provide for family

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5
Q

THESE YOUNG PEOPLE USE GENDER-BASED CONSTRUCTS LIKE “____” AND “_____” TO JUSTIFY VIOLENCE, MAINLY BY LINKING IT WITH _____

A

macho and sluts
- linking with biology
- those perceived to be violent or deserving of violence

PERPETUATES GENDER-ROLE CONFORMITY AND INEQUITY, PARTICULARLY HETEROSEXUAL MALE DOMINANCE

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6
Q

GBV DERIVES FROM what?

A

SYSTEMS OF BELIEFS THAT LEGITIMATE MALE USE OF VIOLENCE TO CONTROL WOMEN’S BEHAVIOUR

beliefs encompass traditional gender roles and dating scripts

WOMEN INTERNALIZE THESE SCRIPTS AND PROCESS VIOLENCE PERPETRATED AGAINST THEM AS THEIR FAULT

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7
Q

Macho

A

OFTEN USED IN A SIMPLISTIC, CATCH-ALL MANNER

MACHISMO = BETTER UNDERSTOOD AS A SET OF IDEAS AND PRACTICES THAT INTERSECT WITH MASCULINITY AND POWER vs Latino culture association

EXPRESSIONS OF MACHISMO ARE DEPENDENT on:
- men
- how women are treated/categorized

ALSO TERMS LIKE “COOLIN”, “CHILLIN”, “COOL POSE”
A KIND OF RACIAL RESISTANCE AGAINST SOCIAL INEQUALITIES

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8
Q

“CONTRADICTORY DUALITY”
of machisimo

A

a. PREDATOR and…
b. PROTECTOR OF FEMALES
- classification of females as ‘good’ deserving protection or ‘bad’ deserving exploitation

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9
Q

demographic of study & context of violence

A

Puerto Rican adolescents (mainly Latino)Low income community in NYC

Street violence = normalized
- “THAT’S THE WAY IT IS”
- “NOTHING’S GONNA CHANGE”
- GIRLS DON’T CARRY WEAPONS BECAUSE THEY LIKELY WOULDN’T PROTECT THEM (rely on ‘good’ behaviour)

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10
Q

SOCIAL CONSTRUCTION OF MACHOS & SLUTS

A

Macho: male behaviour as biology or nature

Slut: when a female’s sexual behaviour mirrored that of a male
- punishment = verbal/physical abuse

GIRLS: NURTURING, MONOGAMOUS, LESS SEXUAL, LESS VIOLENT, AND NEED OF MALE PROTECTION

BOYS: UNABLE TO CONTROL THEIR PASSIONS, SELF-CENTERED, LED BY SEXUAL DESIRES, AND ATTRACTED TO VIOLENCE

FAMILIAR DOUBLE STANDARD
= MORE NEGATIVE CONSEQUENCES WERE ASSOCIATED WITH FEMALE SEXUAL BEHAVIOUR THAN MALE SEXUAL BEHAVIOUR

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11
Q

the “human” factor

A

virgin/human/whore

‘human’ expands margins for acceptable female sexual behaviour
- don’t need to be virgins to be in serious relationship
- women have biological sexual needs and can control them

only through LOVE can “good” girls have sex without being “sluts”
- always falling in love also = slut
- pressure to prove she was in love to avoid reputation by staying with partners and displaying love regardless of abuse

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12
Q

what is a mechanism of control over female sexuality

A

labelling them as “sluts”

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13
Q

LABEL SLUT IS USED TO JUSTIFY SOCIALLY UNACCEPTABLE MALE BEHAVIOUR TOWARDS GIRLS
AND TO CONTROL FEMALE SEXUAL BEHAVIOUR - slut implies: (7)

A
  1. INABILITY TO LOVE
  2. INABILITY TO SETTLE DOWN
  3. ABNORMAL SEX DRIVE
  4. NON-DISCRIMINATION AMONG SEXUAL PARTNERS
  5. CARELESSNESS
  6. LACK OF RESPECT FOR ONE’S BODY
  7. INABILITY TO CLAIM RESPECT FROM OTHERS
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14
Q

what provided the greatest justification for physical violence

A

female infidelity
- hate from peers, sexual abuse, beatings, death

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15
Q

SOCIAL CONTROL OF FEMALE SEXUALITY TO “PREVENT” VIOLENCE

A

SLUT’S SEXUALITY (natural to men) MADE HER “UNNATURAL”

IF GIRLS “BEHAVED” PROPERLY = AVOID TARGET OF VIOLENCE OR ABUSE

MALE BEHAVIOUR SHOULD NOT BE TAMPERED WITH FOR FEAR OF “EMASCULATION”

MALES = need social FREEDOM to develop into “NORMAL” HETEROSEXUAL men

GIRLS = need social CONTROLS to develop into “NORMAL” women

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16
Q

HOW GIRLS RESPOND TO BEING LABELLED A SLUT

A

FEARED BEING CALLED SLUTS
- GENERATES A LACK OF RESPECT FROM GIRLS AND GUYS

Most FELT THAT THE LABEL SLUT WAS APPLIED TOO QUICKLY & FOR THE WRONG REASONS (girls who didn’t deserve it)
- SUPPORTED CALLING CERTAIN GIRLS SLUTS WHEN IT WAS FOR THE “RIGHT” REASON

17
Q

Female control over male sexuality

A

female responsibility to control behaviour of men who had little self-control

yet, female’s inability to control male sexual behaviour was ignored

18
Q

girly man

A

OPPOSITE OF MACHO = EFFEMINATE MALE or GAY MALE

LABEL JUSTIFIED VIOLENCE AGAINST CERTAIN MEN BY OTHER MEN
- gay men’s lack of self control was not justified by biology

GAY MEN HAD A DIFFERENT NATURE- “UNNATURAL”, UNACCEPTABLE, DANGEROUS - mimicking women

GAY MEN WANTED TO BE WOMEN AND BE TREATED AS WOMEN

BOTH GENDERS- ESPECIALLY BOYS- FEARED BEING LABELLED HOMOSEXUAL

19
Q

Bio-power - biological argument

A

RECOGNIZED CURRENT VIEWS ABOUT SEXUALITY/GENDER HAD CHANGED FROM THE PAST
- now acceptable for women’s sexuality to be natural (human not slut)
- did not show protectiveness/repect over mothers (challenge authority, many were single and had new BFs = not perfect)
- do not show need to protect families
- not seen as doing female work by cooking/cleaning
- VIRGINITY FOR WOMEN

Yet, sTILL SUPPORT AND LEGITIMIZE GBV BY RELYING ON “NATURE-BIOLOGICAL”

BIOLOGICAL REASONING SUPPORTS THEIR BINARY GENDER ROLES AND THE USE OF VIOLENCE TO MAINTAIN THOSE CATEGORIES:
- BIOLOGY JUSTIFIES BEHAVIOUR
- BIOLOGY REMOVES RESPONSIBILITY FOR VIOLENCE
- YOU CAN’T ARGUE WITH BIOLOGY, SO NO REASON TO CHANGE
- TO GO AGAINST BIOLOGY IS DANGEROUS AND SINFUL

20
Q
A
21
Q

violence prevention

A

MOST PREVENTION PROGRAMS DO NOT CONSIDER OR UNDERSTAND THE ROLE OF “CULTURE” IN GBV

“CULTURALLY APPROPRIATE” PROGRAMS ARE IMPORTANT
- NOT WHEN THEY IGNORE CERTAIN BEHAVIOURS BECAUSE THEY ARE “CULTURAL”
- cultural norms interpreted as barrier to intervention

CULTURE SHOULDN’T BE SEPARATED FROM POWER, GENDER, AND CLASS
I.E., IT’S NOT A VARIABLE TO BE ADDED OR TAKEN AWAY FROM PROGRAMS

22
Q

upbringing of study

A

talked about sluts and studs - asked if terms still applied/what other words are used

WESTERN’S LACK OF RESPONSE TO INCIDENTS OF VIOLENCE WAS DISCUSSED

GENDER AND HETERONORMATIVE SCRIPTS = emerged as prevalent in the cultivation of sexual slang and campus sexual behaviours

exclusion of women, sexual minorities, and racialzed students = concern

23
Q

current data on on-campus SGBV

A

TREMENDOUS AMOUNT OF RESEARCH DATA AND POLICY REPORTS ON SGBV ON CAMPUS DATING TO THE 1980S
- FEW UNIVERSITIES OR COLLEGES HAVE STAND ALONE POLICIES

little is known about the relationship between sexual terminologies (slang) and broader sexual culture on campus

24
Q

RESEARCH QUESTIONS (2/4 of main focus)

A
  1. WHAT KINDS OF SEXUAL TERMINOLOGY ARE USED AT WESTERN
  2. HOW DOES GENDER SHAPE THEIR CONTENT AND DEPLOYMENT
25
Q

participants

A

23 CIS-GENDER 3RD & 4TH YEAR UNDERGRAD. STUDENTS

varying sexualities
16 = women
7 = male

12 = white
5 = south asian
4 = middle eastern
1 = black
1 = indigenous

26
Q

Our Turn

A

national gender-inclusive movement to help prevent sexual violence, support survivors, and lobby for policy reform on campus

  • have not translated into meaningful action in Canadian post-secondary institutions
27
Q

slang

A

diverse rang of changing words/phrases people use to establish social identity/group cohesiveness

can constitute cultural appropriation & reinforce racist/sexual stereotypes
-perpetuated by pop culture

marginalized groups can ‘reclaim’ words
- terms are flexible
- rely on gendered/racial/cultural identities of students who say them

28
Q

3 most prominent themes themes

A

59 terms =
- 50%+ = sexist/misogynistic = patriarchy

  1. CULTURAL (RE) APPROPRIATION
  2. LGBTQIA+ EXCLUSION
  3. TOXIC MASCULINITY RELATING TO SGBV
29
Q

social factors deriving slang terms and GBV on campus

A

freedom from parental supervision

intense partying

heteronormative scripts:
- men = initiators of sex
- women = fair game

30
Q

bro culture

A

key determinant of sexist, aggressive, racist behaviour
- dominant codes of manhood
- in media/porn

Toxic masculinity: component of bro culture
- binds men together for obnoxious and dangerous activities
- misogyny, racism/homopho, sexual predator

reinforced by frats

31
Q

CULTURAL APPROPRIATION

A

1 = black, yet 28/60 terms TAKEN FROM BLACK CULTURAL CONTEXTS (JAMAICA & SOMALIA)

LINKED TO THE PROBLEMATIC CONSUMPTION OF SELECTIVE ELEMENTS OF BLACK CULTURE THAT ARE DEEMED ‘COOL’ AND ‘WOKE’
- WHICH OFTEN OCCURS WITHOUT CONSIDERATION OF HOW CULTURAL APPROPRIATION CAN FEED BACK INTO ANTI-BLACK RACISM

ex. ting vs thing - made by non-Black youth

32
Q

musical influences - tory

A

music influences cultural appropriation and misogyny

LYRICS FOCUS ON A SEXUALIZATION OF WOMEN
- SHE TOO LISTENED TO MUSIC THAT DEMEANS WOMEN
- REFLECTS THE INSIDIOUS NATURE OF INTERNALISED MISOGYNY THROUGH POPULAR MUSIC & CELEBRITY CULTURE

  • clubs reinforcing this + bad with addition of bro culture
33
Q

LGBTQIA EXPERIENCES

A

11 TERMS = GAY/LESBIAN/BI EXPERIENCES, (most pertained to men)

common theme= EXCLUSION OF LGBTQIA+ STUDENTS, NOT NECESSARILY BY THEIR PEERS = BY THE UNIVERSITY AS A WHOLE

-HUGE LGBTQ BASE AT WESTERN UNIVERSITY - VERY SUPPRESSED
-VOICES AREN’T CONSIDERED in policy making

34
Q

reappropriation

A

reappropriation: served their own realities (hoe, fag) in empowering and comedic ways

35
Q

TOXIC MASCULINITY

A

27 = male

REFLECTS HOW PREVALENT TOXIC MASCULINITY IS WITHIN CAMPUS SEXUAL CULTURE

“TOXIC MASCULINITY LITERALLY IS WESTERN UNIVERSITY.”
- fuck boy fraternity
- reputation of UWO = PEOPLE WANT TO PARTY AND BE FUCK BOYS THEY’RE GOING TO COME TO WESTERN BECAUSE THAT’S THE DOMINANT CULTURE.”

**measure of masculine, social, occupational success
- kill count

HS 3630 (8 decks)

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