8. Regulating the Immune Response Flashcards
How do cytokines work
- Act by ligating their receptor (often two subunits)
- Triggering signaling cascade leading to activated transcription of specific genes
Important cytokine in T cell differentiation
IL-2
Interferons
Anti-viral mediators- interfere with viral replication
- IFN-alpha (made by lymphocytes)
- IFN-beta (made by fibroblasts)
- IFN-gamma (poor antiviral, made by lymphocytes & NK cells)
Immune activators
-Lymphocyte-activating cytokines
IL-1
-T cell growth factors
IL-2
-Macrophage-activating cytokines
IFN-gamma
Cytotoxins
products of activated lymphocytes or macrophages that can kill tumor cells
-TNF-alpha
(poor anti-tumour molecule)
(Too toxic to be an anticancer agent)
B cell activating effector molecules
IL-4
IL-5
IL-10
TGF-beta
TH1 cells
Type of CD4 cell
Secretes macrophage activating effector molecules
- IFN-gamma
- TNF-alpha
- CD40 ligand
TH2 cells
Type of CD4 cell
-Role in allergy, anti-inflammation
Secretes B cell activating effector molecules
IL 4,5,9,13
SCID
X-linked SCID (severe combined immunodeficiency)
-Caused by the genetic inactivation (by mutation) of one receptor that is a common signalling component of the
IL-2 (required for T cell differentiation and growth)
IL-4(required for B cell activation)
IL-7(T cell growth factor)
The cardinal signs of inflammation
heat swelling redness pain tissue damage
TNF-mediated diseases examples
RA
IBD
Septic shock
Diabetes
Therapeutic uses of cytokines
- IFN-beta can be used to treat MS as an immunomodulator
- IL-2(melanoma, renal cc)
- EPO (anemia)
Anti TNF drugs have been found to be useful in which conditions
RA, Crohns, UC, psoriasis
Important cytokine in megakaryocyte differentiation
IL-11
TPO
Name 2 chemokines and their role
MCP 1 / CCL2 (cause macrophages to accumulate at site of infection)
IL-8
