8 - Obstructive Lung Disease Cases Flashcards

1
Q

What are the three types of lung disease?

A

Obstructive: air goes in and can’t go out easily; air trapping and hyperinflation; FEV1/FVC ratio

Restrictive: lungs very scarred so you can’t get in easily; low TLC; normal FEV1/FVC ratio

Combination of both

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2
Q

How do we diagnose obstructive lung disease?

A

History: 85% of coming to the correct diagnosis is by obtaining a history

Exam: changes in chest wall configuration, noises heard, or lack of noises heard, clubbing

Diagnostic tests: pulm function test, imaging, lab work.

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3
Q

What does asthma do to your airway?

A

Causes bronchial constriction and airway wall inflammation

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4
Q

How do you make an initial diagnosis of asthma?

A
  • Episodic symptoms of airflow obstruction
  • Airflow obstruction that is at least partly reversible
  • Alternative obstruction that’s at least partly reversible
  • Requires detailed history, physical exam, and spirometry.
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5
Q

What are two spirometry effects that are seen in asthma?

A

Low FEV1/FVC indicates obstruction (could be asthma)

Reversibility with bronchodilator: >12% change in FEV1 after bronchodilator AND 200 ccs.

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6
Q

Describe the scoring of ACT vs the ATAQ questionnaire?

A

On the ACT scoring, a higher score = better control

On ATAQ, lower score = better control

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7
Q

How is asthma classified?

A

Based on symptoms, nighttime awakenings, how often they use short-actining B2 agonists for symptoms control, and their lung function.

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8
Q

Describe the severity of symptoms seen in intermittent, mild, moderate, and severe asthma?

A

Intermittent: <2 days/week

Mild: >2 days/week but not daily

Moderate: daily

Severe: throughout the day

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9
Q

Describe the nighttime awakenings frequency seen in intermittent, mild, moderate, and severe asthma?

A

Intermittent: <2x/month

Mild: 3-4x/month but not daily and not more than 1x on any day

Moderate: >1x/week but not nightly

Severe: often 7x/week

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10
Q

Describe the interference with normal activity seen in intermittent, mild, moderate, and severe asthma?

A

Intermittent: none

Mild: minor limitation

Moderate: some limitation

Severe: extremely limited

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11
Q

Describe the lung function seen in intermittent, mild, moderate, and severe asthma?

A

Intermittent: nomal FEV1 between exacerbations, FEV1 >80% predicted, ratio is normal

Mild: FEV1 >80% predicted, FEV1/FVC normal

Moderate: FEV1 >60% but <80% predicted; FEV1/FVC reduced

Severe: FEV1 <60% predicted; FEV1/FVC reduced

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12
Q

When should you consider the diagnosis of COPD?

A

When you have a patient with dyspnea, chronic cough, or sputum.

and/or

>40 years of age with a history of exposure to risk factors or a family history of COPD

Spirometry required to confirm diagnosis (post-bronchodilator FEV1/FVC <.70 – ie it does NOT get better with a bronchodilator)

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13
Q

What is chronic airflow limitation?

A

A mixture of small airways disease (obstructive bronchiolitis) and parenchymal destruction (emphysema).

Don’t always occur together and can evolve at different rates.

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14
Q

What are clinical symptoms of COPD?

A

Dyspnea - at rest and/or with exertion

Cough - cough with or without sputum

Wheezing

Frequent chest illnesses/cold/bronchitis

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15
Q

What is considered chronic bronchitis?

A

Chronic productive cough for 3 months in each of 2 successive years.

  • other causes of cough have been ruled out
  • may proceed or follow development of air flow limitations (obstruction)
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16
Q

What are two patterns in advanced COPD?

A

Blue bloater and pink puffers

17
Q

What are charactertics of blue bloaters in COPD?

A
  • “stocky” build
  • wheezy on exam
  • signs of right heart failure
  • CXR normal or possible increased lung markings
  • ABG findings: PaO2 markedly reduced , PaCO2 increased, increased hematocrit
18
Q

What are charactertics of pink puffers in COPD?

A
  • Dominant symptom is dyspnea
  • Thin biuld, hyperinflated chest
  • CXR can be normal or hyperinflated with decreased markings, possible bullae
  • ABG: slightly reduced PaO2, normal CaCO2.
19
Q

What are some host risk factors for COPD?

A
  • a-1-antitrypsin deficiency
  • airway hyperresponsiveness
  • lung growth impairement: low birth weight, childhood respiratory infections
20
Q

What are some environmental risk factors for COPD?

A
  • Tobacco smoke
  • Occupational dusts and chemicals
  • Indoor air pollution: biomass fuels and ETS
  • Outdoor air pollution from inhaled particulates
  • Socioeconomic status
21
Q

Describe the COPD classifications based on FEV1?

A
22
Q

What are the treatments for the four types of COPD (A-D)?

A
23
Q

What is the difference between COPD and asthma?

A

COPD: onset in mid-life, slowly progressive symptoms, risk factor exposures, prominent sputum, no nocturnal predominance.

Asthma: early onset, day to day symptom variability, allergies and eczema, minimal sputum, nocturnal worsening, family Hx.

24
Q

What are the inflammatory cells involved in asthma and COPD?

A

Asthma: eosinophil predominance (PMN in severe).

  • mast cells, CD4+ Th2 lymphocytes
  • LTD4, IL4, IL5, IL13

COPD: PMN predominance (eosinophils in exacerbation)

  • macrophages, CD8+ T lymphocytes
  • LTB4, IL8, TNFa
25
Q

What is the classic triad seen on CF?

A

Recurrent sinopulmonary disease, elevated sweat chloride, and pancreatic insufficiency.

26
Q

What is the pathophysiolocy of CF lung disease?

A

It’s a vicious cycle of that leads to progressive, irreversible lung disease.

27
Q

What are seen with severe mutations causing CF and mild mutations causing CF?

A

Severe: result in pancreatic insuff. and decreased survival

Mild: pancreatic SUFFICIENCY

28
Q

How would you diagnose CF?

A

Clinical findings + biochemical or genetic confirmation

Cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance reulgator (CFTR) dysfunction

  • Sweat chloride test: elevation >60 mmol/L on two occaisions
  • 2 disease-causing mutations in CFTR
  • Abnormal nasal potential difference
29
Q

What is seen in classic CF?

A
30
Q

What is seen in non-classic CF?

A
31
Q

What type of treatment do patients with CF recieve?

A
  • Antibiotics
  • Nutrition (high calorie diet)
  • Chest physiotherapy
  • Bronchodilators
  • Antiinflammatory agents
  • Mucolytics
  • Excellent glycemic control
32
Q

COPD is a mixture of the triad of what three things?

A

Asthma, emphysema, and chronic bronchitis.

Emphysema is a pathologic diagnosis

Chronic bronchitis is defined as a cough for more than 3 months in 2 consecutive years.