8 - Non Communicable Diseases

Question 1

Hybridoma Cell

Answer 1

Made up of lymphocytes and tumor cells, so it can make specific antibodies AND divide

Question 2

Monoclonal Antibodies

Answer 2

Identical copies of one type of antibody

Question 3

Cancer

Answer 3

the result of changes in cells that lead to uncontrollable growth and division

Question 4

Benign Cells

Answer 4

Non cancerous growths of abnormal cells, don’t spread to other areas as contained in a membrane, slow growth, smooth and regular shape

Question 5

Malignant Cells

Answer 5

Cancerous cells that invade neighbouring tissues and spread to other parts of the body, grow quickly and are irregularly shaped.

Question 6

Health

Answer 6

A state of physical and mental wellbeing, Diseases, both communicable and non-communicable, are major causes of ill health.

Question 7

Placebo Effect

Answer 7

Occurs when someone feels they are better when they have been given a dummy form of the drug, not the drug itself.

Question 8

Penicillin

Answer 8

Antibiotic discovered by Alexander Flemming, prodeced by the penicillium mould

Question 9

Digitalis

Answer 9

originates from foxgloves, treats heart failure as increases strength of heart contractions

Question 10

Aspirin

Answer 10

Painkiller from willow tree bark, painkillers only treat symptoms of a disease

Question 11

Risk Factors for increases rate of disease

Answer 11

• aspects of a person’s lifestyle (physical inactivity, obesity)
• substances in the person’s body or environment. (smoking, alcohol, air pollution)

Question 12

Risk Factors for cancer

Answer 12

• Smoking
• Obesity
• Common viruses
• UV exposure
• There are also genetic risk factors for some cancers.

Question 13

How are monoclonal antibodies produced?

Answer 13

• Mouse lymphocytes stimulated to produce a specific antibody.
• Lymphocytes combined with a tumour cell to form hybridoma cells.
• Hybridoma cells both divide and make the antibody.
• Single hybridoma cells are cloned to produce many identical cells that all produce the same specific antibody.
• A large amount of the antibody can be collected and purified.

Question 14

Are monoclonal antibodies specific or non-specific?

Answer 14

Monoclonal antibodies are specific to one binding site on one protein antigen. They can therefore target a specific chemical or type of cell within the body.

Question 15

What can monoclonal antibodies be used for?

Answer 15

• Diagnosis (pregnancy test, binds to specific hormone)
• Treatment (for cancer the monoclonal antibody can be bound to a radioactive substance, a toxic drug or a chemical which stops cells growing and dividing)
• Research (to locate or identify specific molecules in a cell or tissue by binding to them with a fluorescent dye)
• In laboratorys (used to measure the levels of hormones and other chemicals in blood, or to detect pathogens)

Question 16

Monoclonal Antibodies Side Effects…

Answer 16

Monoclonal antibodies create more side effects than expected. They are not yet as widely used as everyone hoped when they were first developed.

Side Effects include:
- allergic reactions
- flu like symptoms
- nausia/vomiting
- Low blood pressure