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Pharmacology > 8- Nervous System > Flashcards

8- Nervous System Flashcards

1
Q

What is the CNS?

A

Central nervous system

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2
Q

What are the 2 components of the CNS?

A

brain and spinal cord

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3
Q

What is the PNS?

A

Peripheral nervous system

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4
Q

What are the components of the PNS?

A

all the nerves travelling between the CNS and the visceral sites

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5
Q

What are the 2 branches of the PNS?

A

Autonomic nervous system (ANS), and sensory/somatic nervous system

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6
Q

Is the ANS provide voluntary motions or involuntary changes?

A

Involuntary

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7
Q

What are the 2 divisions of the ANS?

A

Sympathetic and parasympathetic

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8
Q

What does “ANS” sound like?

A

Anus

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9
Q

What is the responses carried out by the sympathetic autonomic nervous system (SANS)?

A

Fight/flight responses

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10
Q

What is the responses carried out by the parasympathetic autonomic nervous system (PANS)?

A

Rest/digest/DSP responses

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11
Q

How many neurons do ANS fibers use to get to their target organ?

A

2

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12
Q

What is the first ANS neuron that originates in the brainstem or spinal cord called?

A

Preganglionic neuron

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13
Q

The preganglionic neuron synapses outside the spinal cord in an autonomic ganglion onto what neuron?

A

Postganglionic neuron

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14
Q

What is the size of the parasympathetic preganglionic neuron?

A

Long

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15
Q

What is the size of the parasympathetic postganglionic neuron?

A

Short.

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16
Q

What is the size of the sympathetic postganglionic neuron?

A

Long

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17
Q

What is the size of the sympathetic preganglionic neuron?

A

Short

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18
Q

Which neurotransmitter (NT) does the PANS use exclusively?

A

Acetylcholine (Ach)

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19
Q

Which NT is released from the preganglionic SANS neuron?

A

Ach

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20
Q

Which NT is released from the postganglionic SANS neuron?

A

Norepinephrine (NE)

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21
Q

What is the exception to the 2-neuron ANS system? (think SANS)

A

the 1 neuron use for the adrenal medulla, where 1 sympathetic neuron synapses directly on the adrenal medulla to release epinephrine using acetylcholine as the neurotransmitter

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22
Q

What are long-tract neurons?

A

these act as tracts between the periphery and higher sites in the CNS

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23
Q

What is divergent signaling?

A

when there is 1 preganglionic neuron that makes synaptic connections with up to several thousand postganglionic neurons

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24
Q

What is convergent signaling?

A

when there are multiple stimuli onto 1 neuron

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25
Q

What are local circuits?

A

these are layered neurons that contain excitatory and inhibitory neurons to process information in your brain

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26
Q

What are single-sourced divergent neurons?

A

They’re neurons that originates in the brainstem and innervates in the cerebrum of the brain

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27
Q

What structural motif does the PNS exclusively have?

A

Long tract neurons

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28
Q

Which structural motifs does the CNS have?

A

all 3 types

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29
Q

What are neurotransmitters, anyway?

A

small endogenous molecules that transmit signals from a neuron to target cells

30
Q

What are metabotropic receptors?

A

ones that act through second messengers (G proteins)

31
Q

What are ionotropic receptors?

A

Ligand-gated ion channels

32
Q

What type of response does GABA give? (inhibitory or stimulatory)

A

inhibitory

33
Q

What are the 2 receptors for GABA?

A

GABA(A) and GABA(B)

34
Q

How does GABA(A) receptors inhibit cells?

A

Increase Cl and K conductance (makes the cell more negative inside)

35
Q

How does GABA(B) receptors inhibit cells?

A

they decrease cAMP.

36
Q

What are the 4 receptors that Glutamate acts on?

A

AMPA, Kainate, NMDA and mGlu

37
Q

What type of response does glutamate give? (inhibitory or stimulatory)

A

Stimulatory

38
Q

How does AMPA, Kainate, and NMDA receptors excite cells?

A

Increasing Na and K conductance (and Ca in NMDA)

39
Q

How does mGlu receptors excite cells?

A

decreasing cAMP and increasing IP3/DAG/Ca

40
Q

What type of response does dopamine give? (inhibitory or stimulatory)

A

Mostly excitatory

41
Q

What types of receptors does dopamine use?

A

D1-5

42
Q

How does D1 cells excite cells?

A

increasing cAMP

43
Q

What type of response does NE give? (inhibitory or stimulatory)

A

either excitatory or inhibitory

44
Q

What types of receptors does NE bind to?

A

alpha 1 and 2, beta1-3

45
Q

How does alpha1 receptors work?

A

Gq stimulation (increasing IP3/DAG/Ca)

46
Q

How does alpha2 receptors work?

A

Gi stimulation (decreasing cAMP and increasing K conductance)

47
Q

How does beta1-3 receptors work?

A

Gs stimulation (increasing cAMP)

48
Q

What type of response does serotonin give? (inhibitory or stimulatory)

A

Generally inhibitory

49
Q

What types of receptors does serotonin bind to?

A

5-HT(1-7)

50
Q

How does the 5-HT1 serotonin receptor inhibit cells?

A

Gi stimulation (decreasing cAMP and increasing K conductance)

51
Q

How does the 5-HT2 serotonin receptor inhibit cells?

A

Gq stimulation (increasing IP3/DAG/Ca)

52
Q

What type of response does histamine give? (inhibitory or stimulatory)

A

Stimulatory

53
Q

What types of receptors does histamine bind to?

A

H1-3

54
Q

How does the H1 histamine receptor work?

A

Gq stimulation (increasing IP3/DAG/Ca)

55
Q

How does the H2 histamine receptor work?

A

Gs stimulation (increasing cAMP)

56
Q

What type of response does Ach give? (inhibitory or stimulatory)

A

Excitatory to SkM. Excitatory or inhbitory to other parts.

57
Q

How does the Nicotonic Ach receptor excite cells?

A

Ligand-gated opening of channels that allow Na, K and Ca through into SkM cells

58
Q

How does the Muscarinic Ach receptor excite cells?

A

Gq stimulation (increasing IP3/DAG/Ca)

59
Q

What are biogenic amines?

A

they are the primary modulatory neurotransmitters in the CNS

60
Q

Which AA are dopamine, epinephrine and NE all synthesized from?

A

Tyrosine

61
Q

Give the general synthesis of epinephrine from Tyr

A

Tyrosine –> L-DOPA –> Dopamine –> NE –> Epinephrine

62
Q

Which AA is serotonin (5-hydroxytryptamine) synthesized from?

A

Tryptophan

63
Q

Which AA is histamine synthesized from?

A

Histidine

64
Q

What is the role of Ach in the periphery?

A

to excite SkM at the NMJ

65
Q

What is the role of Ach in the ANS?

A

it is used by all preganglionic neurons and parasympathetic postganglionic neurons as its neurotransmitter

66
Q

What is the role of Ach in the CNS?

A

Thought to regulate sleep and wakefulness

67
Q

What are fenestrae?

A

small gaps between the endothelial cells in the microvasculature

68
Q

What do fenestrae allow to pass through them?

A

water and small molecules to diffuse across the lining without resistance but don’t allow large proteins and cells to cross

69
Q

Where are fenestrae found?

A

only exist in the vasculature of the periphery, because in the CNS they have tight junctions and astroglia covering all the vasculature. This is the blood-brain barrier (BBB)

70
Q

What is facilitated diffusion?

A

specialized transporters that move the molecule down its concentration gradient

71
Q

What is the function of MDR’s?

A

pump hydrophobic compounds out of the brain cells and back into blood vessel lumen

Pharmacology (9 decks)

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