8- Nervous System

Question 1

What is the CNS?

Answer 1

Central nervous system

Question 2

What are the 2 components of the CNS?

Answer 2

brain and spinal cord

Question 3

What is the PNS?

Answer 3

Peripheral nervous system

Question 4

What are the components of the PNS?

Answer 4

all the nerves travelling between the CNS and the visceral sites

Question 5

What are the 2 branches of the PNS?

Answer 5

Autonomic nervous system (ANS), and sensory/somatic nervous system

Question 6

Is the ANS provide voluntary motions or involuntary changes?

Answer 6

Involuntary

Question 7

What are the 2 divisions of the ANS?

Answer 7

Sympathetic and parasympathetic

Question 8

What does “ANS” sound like?

Answer 8

Anus

Question 9

What is the responses carried out by the sympathetic autonomic nervous system (SANS)?

Answer 9

Fight/flight responses

Question 10

What is the responses carried out by the parasympathetic autonomic nervous system (PANS)?

Answer 10

Rest/digest/DSP responses

Question 11

How many neurons do ANS fibers use to get to their target organ?

Answer 11

2

Question 12

What is the first ANS neuron that originates in the brainstem or spinal cord called?

Answer 12

Preganglionic neuron

Question 13

The preganglionic neuron synapses outside the spinal cord in an autonomic ganglion onto what neuron?

Answer 13

Postganglionic neuron

Question 14

What is the size of the parasympathetic preganglionic neuron?

Answer 14

Long

Question 15

What is the size of the parasympathetic postganglionic neuron?

Answer 15

Short.

Question 16

What is the size of the sympathetic postganglionic neuron?

Answer 16

Long

Question 17

What is the size of the sympathetic preganglionic neuron?

Answer 17

Short

Question 18

Which neurotransmitter (NT) does the PANS use exclusively?

Answer 18

Acetylcholine (Ach)

Question 19

Which NT is released from the preganglionic SANS neuron?

Answer 19

Ach

Question 20

Which NT is released from the postganglionic SANS neuron?

Answer 20

Norepinephrine (NE)

Question 21

What is the exception to the 2-neuron ANS system? (think SANS)

Answer 21

the 1 neuron use for the adrenal medulla, where 1 sympathetic neuron synapses directly on the adrenal medulla to release epinephrine using acetylcholine as the neurotransmitter

Question 22

What are long-tract neurons?

Answer 22

these act as tracts between the periphery and higher sites in the CNS

Question 23

What is divergent signaling?

Answer 23

when there is 1 preganglionic neuron that makes synaptic connections with up to several thousand postganglionic neurons

Question 24

What is convergent signaling?

Answer 24

when there are multiple stimuli onto 1 neuron

Question 25

What are local circuits?

Answer 25

these are layered neurons that contain excitatory and inhibitory neurons to process information in your brain

Question 26

What are single-sourced divergent neurons?

Answer 26

They're neurons that originates in the brainstem and innervates in the cerebrum of the brain

Question 27

What structural motif does the PNS exclusively have?

Answer 27

Long tract neurons

Question 28

Which structural motifs does the CNS have?

Answer 28

all 3 types

Question 29

What are neurotransmitters, anyway?

Answer 29

small endogenous molecules that transmit signals from a neuron to target cells

Question 30

What are metabotropic receptors?

Answer 30

ones that act through second messengers (G proteins)

Question 31

What are ionotropic receptors?

Answer 31

Ligand-gated ion channels

Question 32

What type of response does GABA give? (inhibitory or stimulatory)

Answer 32

inhibitory

Question 33

What are the 2 receptors for GABA?

Answer 33

GABA(A) and GABA(B)

Question 34

How does GABA(A) receptors inhibit cells?

Answer 34

Increase Cl and K conductance (makes the cell more negative inside)

Question 35

How does GABA(B) receptors inhibit cells?

Answer 35

they decrease cAMP.

Question 36

What are the 4 receptors that Glutamate acts on?

Answer 36

AMPA, Kainate, NMDA and mGlu

Question 37

What type of response does glutamate give? (inhibitory or stimulatory)

Answer 37

Stimulatory

Question 38

How does AMPA, Kainate, and NMDA receptors excite cells?

Answer 38

Increasing Na and K conductance (and Ca in NMDA)

Question 39

How does mGlu receptors excite cells?

Answer 39

decreasing cAMP and increasing IP3/DAG/Ca

Question 40

What type of response does dopamine give? (inhibitory or stimulatory)

Answer 40

Mostly excitatory

Question 41

What types of receptors does dopamine use?

Answer 41

D1-5

Question 42

How does D1 cells excite cells?

Answer 42

increasing cAMP

Question 43

What type of response does NE give? (inhibitory or stimulatory)

Answer 43

either excitatory or inhibitory

Question 44

What types of receptors does NE bind to?

Answer 44

alpha 1 and 2, beta1-3

Question 45

How does alpha1 receptors work?

Answer 45

Gq stimulation (increasing IP3/DAG/Ca)

Question 46

How does alpha2 receptors work?

Answer 46

Gi stimulation (decreasing cAMP and increasing K conductance)

Question 47

How does beta1-3 receptors work?

Answer 47

Gs stimulation (increasing cAMP)

Question 48

What type of response does serotonin give? (inhibitory or stimulatory)

Answer 48

Generally inhibitory

Question 49

What types of receptors does serotonin bind to?

Answer 49

5-HT(1-7)

Question 50

How does the 5-HT1 serotonin receptor inhibit cells?

Answer 50

Gi stimulation (decreasing cAMP and increasing K conductance)

Question 51

How does the 5-HT2 serotonin receptor inhibit cells?

Answer 51

Gq stimulation (increasing IP3/DAG/Ca)

Question 52

What type of response does histamine give? (inhibitory or stimulatory)

Answer 52

Stimulatory

Question 53

What types of receptors does histamine bind to?

Answer 53

H1-3

Question 54

How does the H1 histamine receptor work?

Answer 54

Gq stimulation (increasing IP3/DAG/Ca)

Question 55

How does the H2 histamine receptor work?

Answer 55

Gs stimulation (increasing cAMP)

Question 56

What type of response does Ach give? (inhibitory or stimulatory)

Answer 56

Excitatory to SkM. Excitatory or inhbitory to other parts.

Question 57

How does the Nicotonic Ach receptor excite cells?

Answer 57

Ligand-gated opening of channels that allow Na, K and Ca through into SkM cells

Question 58

How does the Muscarinic Ach receptor excite cells?

Answer 58

Gq stimulation (increasing IP3/DAG/Ca)

Question 59

What are biogenic amines?

Answer 59

they are the primary modulatory neurotransmitters in the CNS

Question 60

Which AA are dopamine, epinephrine and NE all synthesized from?

Answer 60

Tyrosine

Question 61

Give the general synthesis of epinephrine from Tyr

Answer 61

Tyrosine --> L-DOPA --> Dopamine --> NE --> Epinephrine

Question 62

Which AA is serotonin (5-hydroxytryptamine) synthesized from?

Answer 62

Tryptophan

Question 63

Which AA is histamine synthesized from?

Answer 63

Histidine

Question 64

What is the role of Ach in the periphery?

Answer 64

to excite SkM at the NMJ

Question 65

What is the role of Ach in the ANS?

Answer 65

it is used by all preganglionic neurons and parasympathetic postganglionic neurons as its neurotransmitter

Question 66

What is the role of Ach in the CNS?

Answer 66

Thought to regulate sleep and wakefulness

Question 67

What are fenestrae?

Answer 67

small gaps between the endothelial cells in the microvasculature

Question 68

What do fenestrae allow to pass through them?

Answer 68

water and small molecules to diffuse across the lining without resistance but don’t allow large proteins and cells to cross

Question 69

Where are fenestrae found?

Answer 69

only exist in the vasculature of the periphery, because in the CNS they have tight junctions and astroglia covering all the vasculature. This is the blood-brain barrier (BBB)

Question 70

What is facilitated diffusion?

Answer 70

specialized transporters that move the molecule down its concentration gradient

Question 71

What is the function of MDR's?

Answer 71

pump hydrophobic compounds out of the brain cells and back into blood vessel lumen