8 - Intro to Cell Signalling Flashcards
1
Q
Control of gene expression (central dogma of molecular biology
A
DNA replication -> transcription -> translation -> protein -> cell responses
2
Q
When does post-translational modification take place?
A
After translation and before cell responses
3
Q
What can occur after the production of a protein?
A
- cell responses
- post translational modification (can lead to degradation or cell responses
- degradation
4
Q
When does control of gene expression by hormones occur?
A
Can occur during:
- transcription
- translation
- degradation
- post-translational modification
5
Q
What kinds of biology involve cell signalling?
A
- cancer biology (oncogenes)
- developmental biology (growth and differentiation pathways)
- endocrinology (hormone response pathways)
- immunology (immune activation pathways)
- neurobiology (neuronal signalling)
6
Q
Features of cell signalling
A
- enables transmission from outside of cell to nucleus
- fast ON and OFF (seconds to minutes)
- transient changes (minutes to hours)
- spatial.directional responses and organisation
- energetically cheap (no protein synthesis)
7
Q
Features of gene expression
A
- slow ON and OFF (minutes to hours)
- stables changes (hours to years)
- limited spatial responses
- energetically costly (transcription and translation)
8
Q
Examples of cell signalling inputs
A
- environmental stresses
- signals from other cells
- extracellular matrix
- nutrient signals
- internal states (homeostasis, cell cycle)
9
Q
Examples of signalling outputs
A
- gene expression
- morphological changes
- production/secretion
- growth/division
- senescence/death
10
Q
Cell signalling outcomes
A
- binding/dissociation
- conformational change
- post-translational modification
- localisation
11
Q
Currencies of cell signalling
A
- protein-protein interactions
- confirmation
- enzymatic activity
- post-translational modification
- sub cellular localisation; concentration
- small-molecule signalling mediators
