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Ophthalmology Week 1 2017/18 > 8: Immunology and the eye > Flashcards

8: Immunology and the eye Flashcards

1
Q

What are the two types of immunity?

A

Innate immunity - non-specific

Adaptive immunity - specific

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2
Q

Does the eye have a physical barrier to infection?

A

No skin

But conjunctiva and cornea

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3
Q

How does the eye clear pathogens?

A

Blink reflex

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4
Q

What helps to flush pathogens off the surface of the eye?

A

Lacrimal fluid

Aqueous fluid

Mucus

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5
Q

What are the main cells of the innate immune system?

A

Neutrophils

Macrophages (link innate and adaptive)

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6
Q

Which cells, found in the conjuncitva, release inflammatory mediators when they degranulate?

A

Mast cells

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7
Q

Which cells act as antigen presenting cells?

A

Macrophages

Dendritic cells

B cells

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8
Q

What is a type of macrophage specific to the eye?

A

Langerhans cell

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9
Q

What is the principle antigen presenting cell of the eye?

A

Langerhans cell

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10
Q

Where are most Langerhans cells found?

A

Limbus

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11
Q

What is the only part of the eye with lymphatic drainage?

A

Conjunctiva

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12
Q

The cornea and sclera are (vascular / avascular).

A

avascular

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13
Q

What type of lymphatic tissue is found in the lacrimal drainage system?

A

MALT

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14
Q

What is immune privilege?

A

Some parts of body tolerate antigens without initiating an inflammatory immune response

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15
Q

What are some areas of the body which have immune privilege?

A

EYES

Testes

Placenta / foetus

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16
Q

What is ACAID?

A

Anterior chamber-associated immune deviation

If you put an antigen in the anterior chamber, it is ignored systemically

17
Q

Why is ACAID useful?

A

Stops your eye blowing up with inflammation

18
Q

What happens when immune privilege breaks down?

A

Eye damage > visual loss

19
Q

What is sympathetic ophthalmia?

A

BILATERAL granulomatous uveitis

caused by trauma in ONE EYE

20
Q

Which famous person had sympathetic ophthalmia?

A

Louis Braille

21
Q

What is thought to cause sympathetic ophthalmia?

A

Immune privilege problem causing an autoimmune reaction in both eyes

22
Q

Which cells are the primary mediators of sympathetic ophthalmia?

A

T cells

23
Q

In sympathetic ophthalmia, what names are given to

a) the injured eye
b) the other eye?

A

a) Exciting eye

b) Sympathetic eye

24
Q

Which T cells mediate the

a) early
b) late phases of sympathetic ophthalmia?

A

a) CD4+ T cells

b) CD8+ T cells

25
Q

What is the mechanism of sympathetic ophthalmia?

A

a) Trauma releases intraocular antigens which were there originally

b) Helper T cells transport antigen to lymph nodes

c) Activated cytotoxic T cells return to BOTH eyes, encounter antigen and cause an inflammatory reaction

26
Q

What diseases are caused by failure of the eye’s immune system?

A

Recurrent infection

Allergy

Hypersensitivity

Autoimmune disease

Cancer

27
Q

What is hypersensitivity?

A

Immune response causing collateral damage

28
Q

What mediates Type I hypersensitivity reactions?

A

IgE

which activates mast cells and causes release of inflammatory mediators

29
Q

What is an example of a Type I hypersensitivity disease of the eye?

A

Allergic conjunctivitis

30
Q

What is chemosis?

A

Conjunctival oedema

31
Q

What mediates Type II hypersensitivity reactions?

A

Antibodies

32
Q

What is an example of a Type II hypersensitivity disease of the eye?

A

Ocular cicatrial pemphigoid

blistering of the eye

treated using steroids

33
Q

What mediates Type III hypersensitivity reactions?

A

Immune complexes

34
Q

type III - autoimmune corneal melting

A
35
Q

What mediates Type IV hypersensitivity reactions?

A

T cells

“cell mediated”

36
Q

What are examples of Type IV hypersensitivity diseases?

A

Corneal transplant rejection

37
Q

What type of drug is used to counteract inflammatory eye diseases?

A

Steroid

38
Q

What are some ocular side effects of steroids?

A

Cataracts (clouding of the cornea)

Glaucoma (increased intraocular pressure damaging the optic nerve)

Ophthalmology Week 1 2017/18 (10 decks)

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