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Ophthalmology Week 1 2017/18 > 6: Physiology I > Flashcards

6: Physiology I Flashcards

1
Q

Where is CSF produced?

A

Choroid plexus in brain ventricles

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2
Q

What is the normal volume of CSF?

A

150 ml

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3
Q

Which space does the CSF circulate in?

Which circulation does it drain into?

A

Subarachnoid space

Venous circulation

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4
Q

The CSF acts as a ___-absorber.

A

shock

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5
Q

The CSF supplies the brain with ___ and removes ___.

A

nutrients

metabolites

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6
Q

How can CSF be obtained to diagnose CNS diseases?

A

Lumbar puncture

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7
Q

Normal CSF is (clear / coloured).

A

coloured

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8
Q

What is the embryological origin of the nervous system?

A

Neural tube

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9
Q

The ___ ___ secretes CSF and is found in the walls of the ___.

A

choroid plexus

ventricles

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10
Q

What structure is formed by arteries invaginating the neural tube and is the origin of the choroid plexus?

A

Choroid fissure

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11
Q

The choroid plexus is highly ___.

A

vascular

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12
Q

CSF is produced by the choroid plexus and passes into the ___ before passing into the subarachnoid space.

A

bloodstream

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13
Q

Which ions need to be transported into epithelial cells to trigger CSF release?

A

Na+

HCO3-

Cl-

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14
Q

Secretion of CSF is dependent on the transport of ___ and ions into epithelial cells.

A

water

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15
Q

Sodium is (actively / passively) transported into epithelial cells of the choroid plexus.

A

actively transported

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16
Q

Which ventricles of the brain release CSF?

Through which structures does the CSF then pass into the subarachnoid space?

A

Lateral ventricles

Third ventricles

Fourth ventricles

Medial and lateral apertures

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17
Q

Once CSF has passed through the medial and lateral apertures and circulated in the subarachnoid space, where does it drain?

A

Dural venous sinus

18
Q

What is the name given to the thick endothelium found in the capillaries of the brain?

A

Blood brain barrier

19
Q

Which type of junction prevents molecules e.g toxins from passing through the blood brain barrier?

A

Tight junctions

20
Q

Why is it difficult to deliver drugs directly to the brain?

A

Blood brain barrier

21
Q

Anything causing ___ in the cranial cavity can cause increased intra-___ pressure.

A

swelling

increased intra-cranial pressure

22
Q

What is hydrocephalus?

A

Accumulation of CSF in brain (caused by improper secretion or drainage) causing an increase in intracranial pressure

23
Q

What happens to the ventricles in hydrocephalus?

A

Hypertrophy

24
Q

What symptoms are produced by intracranial hypertension?

A

Headache

Papilloedema (swelling of optic disc causing visual disturbance)

25
Q

Which nerve, important for vision, is included in the subarachnoid space?

A

CN II

26
Q

What is papilloedema?

A

Optic disc swelling due to increased intracranial pressure

27
Q

What causes of increased intracranial pressure can cause papilloedema?

A

Hydrocephalus

Swelling (tumours, hypertrophy)

28
Q

What particular visual disturbances can be caused by papilloedema?

A

Enlarged blind spot

Blurry vision

Visual loss

29
Q

What fluid does the ciliary body produce?

A

Aqueous humour

30
Q

Where in the eye does aqueous humour circulate?

A

Anterior chamber

31
Q

What is the purpose of aqueous fluid?

A

Nourishes structures of anterior chamber

32
Q

Which structure does aqueous humour drain into?

Where exactly is this found?

A

Scleral venous sinus

Iridocorneal angle

33
Q

What particular layers of the ciliary body produce aqueous humour?

A

Pigmented epithelium

Non-pigmented epithelium (outer)

34
Q

Which ions are transported into pigmented -> non-pigmented epithelial cells to trigger production of aqueous fluid?

A

Na+

Cl-

35
Q

Which enzyme helps Na+ and Cl- transport into ciliary body cells?

A

Carbonic anhydrase

36
Q

Which contransporter is important in the transport of ions into the anterior chamber?

A

Na+/K+/2Cl- cotransporter

37
Q

Inhibitors of which enzyme decrease aqueous fluid production?

A

Carbonic anhydrase

38
Q

What are some examples of carbonic anhydrase inhibitors?

A

Dorzolamide

Acetazolomide

39
Q

Overproduction of aqueous fluid causes raised ____ ___, which can cause which disease?

A

raised intraocular pressure

glaucoma

40
Q

Which drugs are used to treat glaucoma?

How do they work?

A

Carbonic anhydrase inhibtors

Reduce secretion of aqueous fluid, reducing intraocular pressure

41
Q

CSF concentration determines intra-___ pressure.

Aqueous fluid concentration determines intra-___ pressure.

A

CSF - intra-cranial pressure

Aqueous fluid - intra-ocular pressure

Ophthalmology Week 1 2017/18 (10 decks)

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