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CNS > 8. Higher cortical function > Flashcards

8. Higher cortical function Flashcards

1
Q

what is the anatomy of the cerebral cortex?

A

arranged as 6 layers containing cell bodies and dendrites

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2
Q

what are the three types of outputs exiting from the cortex?

A
  • projection fibres going down brainstem and cord (upper motor neurone)
  • commissural fibres going down hemispjheres (corpus callosum)
  • association fibres connecting nearby regions of the cortex in the same hemisphere (arcuate fasciculus)
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3
Q

what are the inputs the cortex receives?

A

from thalamus or other areas of the cortex as well as from the reticular formation (consciousness)

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4
Q

what connects the inputs and outputs and what function results from this?

A

interneurones - behaviour, emotion and memory

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5
Q

give examples of motor functions of the frontal lobe?

A

PMC - damage would result in contralateral weakness

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6
Q

how is speech enabled in the frontal lobe and which hemisphere does this usually originate in?

A

left hemisphere:

the broca’s area is here so damage can lead to expressive dysphagia

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7
Q

how is behaviour regulated in the frontal lobe?

A

prefrontal cortex is here whereby if damaged can result in impulsive, disinhibited behaviours - inappropriateness and aggresion

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8
Q

how is cognition enabled in the frontal lobe?

A

prefrontal cortex so damage can lead to difficulties wiht problem solving and calculations

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9
Q

how are eye movements enabled in the frontal lobe?

A

contain the frontal eye fields so dmaage can lead to conjugate gaze and other disturbances

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10
Q

how do you differenitate between diplopia causes by a cranial nerve/brainstem lesion versus a cortical problem?

A

diplopia without other cortical features would suggest problem originates with cranial nerve/brainstem

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11
Q

how is continence enabled in the frontal lobe?

A

contain the cortical areas (paracentral lobules) responsible, so damage can result in urinary continence

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12
Q

how is the sensory function of the parietal lobeenabled?

A

contain the PSC - if damage, contralteral parasthesia affecting all modalities (as modalities converge at the cortex)

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13
Q

why is the parietal lobe responsible for speech?

A

contains part of the Wernicke’s area so damage to the left lobe esp can cause receptive dysphagia

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14
Q

why is the parietal lobe responsible for body image and awareness of the external environment?

A

where acknowledgment of things including the body exists. if damage in right lobe - neglect

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15
Q

why is the parietal lobe responsible for calculation and writing and which lobe does it work with?

A

esp left parietal - work with frontal

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16
Q

what kind of vision can be affected by parietal lobe lesions?

A

as the superior optic radiations project through the parietal lobe, damage can cause a contralateral inferior homonymous quadrantanopia

17
Q

why is the temporal lobe responsible for hearing?

A

the primary auditory cortex sits on superior surface of temporal lobe, near to wernicke’s area, if damaged can lead to auditory hallucinations

18
Q

how is olfaction of the temporal lobe enabled?

A

the primary olfactory cortex sits on the infero-medial aspect so can lead to olfactory hallucinations if damaged

19
Q

how is memory enbaled within the temporal lobe?

A

the hippocampus(one in each lobe) is present so if damage can lead to amnesia or if epilepsy within the temporal lobe can lead to feeling of deja vu

20
Q

why is the temporal lobe responsible for emotion?

A

contains limbic system structures such as hippocampus and amygdala, can result in some pschiatric disorders if damaged

21
Q

what kind of vision loss can result from a temporal lobe lesion?

A

the inferior optic radiations project through temporal lobe so damage can lead to a contralateral superior homonymous quadrantanopia

22
Q

in 95% of people the left hemisphere is dominant for what?

A

language and mathematical/logical function

23
Q

in 95% of people the right hemisphere is dominant for what?

A

body image, visuospatial awareness, emotion and musical ability

24
Q

what can damage to the corpus callosum result in>

A

corpus callosum allows communication with the two hemispheres so destruction can lead to alien hand sydrome and effects on language processing (comple)

25
Q

why is the position of the broca’s area so convienient>

A

sits near mouth/pharynx area of PMC

26
Q

what can result from ddmage to the broca’s are?

A

stacatto speech where patient understands what is being said to them but can not express their response

27
Q

why is the position of the wernicke’s area so convenient?

A

sits near the primary auditory cortex

28
Q

what can result from damage to the wernicke’s area?

A

fluent, non sensical speech where patient does not appear to understand what is being said to them but has no trouble in speech expressio

29
Q

what damage can result in both the broca and wernicke’s area?

A

middle cerebral artery infarcts - resulting in no verbal language function

30
Q

what area is damaged when the individual can not repeal heard words?

A

the arcuate fasciculus (white matter pathway connecting broca and wernicke’s areas)

31
Q

what are the 4 types of memory?

A
  • declarative/explicit - tend to be stored in cortex
  • non declarative/implicit - motor skills, emotion in subcortical structure such as basal ganglia and cerebellum
  • short term memory - in cortical circuits
  • long term memory - in cortex and cerebellum following consolidation
32
Q

what is consolidation?

A

the convertion of short term memories to long term memories

33
Q

what are the factors influencing consolidation?

A
  • emotional context
  • rehearsal
  • association with something already known
34
Q

how is the hippocampus involved in memory?

A

role as an ‘oscillator’
its output pathways facilitate consolidation
fornix -> mammillary bodies -> thalamus -> cortex

35
Q

what molecular mechanism is important in consolidation?

A

long term potentiation - changaes in gluatamate receptors in synpases leading to synapse strengthening, and new physical connections can form between neurones leading to further stronf connections

CNS (18 decks)

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