8 = EIGHTEENTH-CENTURY POLITICAL FORMATIONS Flashcards
death og auranzed
1707
battle of karnal
1739 —–Nader Shah, the founder of the Afsharid dynasty of Iran, vs mohammad shah rangila
This invasion was followed by a series of plundering raids by the Afghan ruler Ahmad Shah Abdali, who invaded north India five times between 1748 and 1761
the only Rajput state which defied Mughal authority
wewar
Sawai Jai Singh,
the ruler of Amber
constructed five
astronomical
observatories,
one each in
Delhi, Jaipur,
Ujjain, Mathura
and Varanasi.
constructed five
astronomical
observatories,
Sawai Jai Singh,
the ruler of Amber
the Khalsa
rose in revolt against the Mughal authority under
banda bahadur
Maharaja Ranjit Singh, reunited these groups and
established his capital at
lahore 1799
became the capital of the Maratha kingdom.
pune
founder of marata kingdom
shivaji
gurmatas
take collective decisions known as “resolutions of
the Guru
the Sikhs organised themselves into a
number of bands called
jathas, and later on misls
Their combined forces were known as
Their combined forces were known as
A system called ———- was
introduced, offering protection to cultivators on the
payment of a tax of 20 per cent of the produce.
rakhi
Rakhi tax refers to a historical practice where a tax was levied on farmers by Sikh Misls in exchange for protection. It wasn’t a literal tax on Rakhi (the sacred thread tied on Raksha Bandhan), but rather a broader system of taxation for security and governance.
Key points about Rakhi tax:
* Historical Context: This system was prevalent during the Sikh Misl period in the 18th century.
* Purpose: The tax was collected to maintain the Sikh military and provide protection to farmers from various threats, including Mughal and Afghan invasions.
* Rate: The tax was typically around 20% of the agricultural produce.
* Significance: While it might seem exploitative, it also provided a sense of security and stability to the rural population during a turbulent period.
It’s important to note that the term “Rakhi tax” is a modern interpretation and wasn’t used historically. The practice was part of a broader system of taxation and governance implemented by the Sikh Misls.
Chauth and Sardeshmukhi
Chauth
25 per cent of the land revenue claimed by zamindars. In the
Deccan, this was collected by the Marathas.
Sardeshmukhi9 –10 per cent of the land revenue paid to the head revenue collector in the Deccan.
Chauth and Sardeshmukhi were two significant taxes levied by the Maratha Empire during the 17th and 18th centuries. These taxes played a crucial role in the rise and expansion of the Maratha power.
Chauth:
* Meaning: “One-fourth”
* Tax Rate: 25% of the land revenue of a territory
* Purpose: To protect territories from Maratha raids. By paying this tax, rulers could avoid the destructive consequences of Maratha invasions.
Sardeshmukhi:
* Meaning: “Head of the Deshmukh”
* Tax Rate: 10% of the land revenue of a territory
* Purpose: To assert the Maratha’s hereditary right to collect taxes in certain regions.
Key Points:
* Both taxes were levied on territories outside the Maratha Empire, primarily in the Deccan and Mughal provinces.
* The Marathas used these taxes to finance their military and expand their empire.
* The imposition of these taxes led to conflicts with the Mughals and other regional powers.
* These taxes were a major source of income for the Maratha Empire and contributed to its rise as a significant power in India.
In essence, Chauth and Sardeshmukhi were innovative taxation strategies employed by the Marathas to consolidate their power and expand their influence. They allowed the Marathas to project their power beyond their core territories and establish a significant presence in the Indian subcontinent.
third battle of Panipat
1761
