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BioMedChem Midterm 1 > 8 - Diet, Nutrition, Energy Balance > Flashcards

8 - Diet, Nutrition, Energy Balance Flashcards

1
Q

2015 Dietary guidelines from HHS & FDA

A
  • Eating pattern w/ Appropriate Calorie Level
    • –> reduce risk of chronic disease
  • ​Variety / Nutrient Density / Amount
    • ​within all food groups in recommended amounts​
  • Diatary guidelines are Always Changing:
    • ​British study that says fats/saturated fats REDUCE CHANCE OF STROKE??
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2
Q

What food groups should you limit calories from?

A

Added Sugars

Saturated Fats

Sodium

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3
Q

Ways that WATER is LOST

A
  • Regularly:
    • Respiration / Sweating / Excretion
  • ​EXTRA LOSS FROM:
    • Prolonged Sweating
    • Vomiting
    • Diarrhea
    • EXTENSIVE BURN INJURIES
    • Certain Diseases
      • _​_that affect water / Na excretion
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4
Q

Daily Recommended Water Intake

A

3.7 L / day for Adult Males

BEWARE: HYPONATREMIA

Drinking TOO MUCH water -> Diluted Sodium levels in body

CELLS CAN SWELL

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5
Q

Lipids (TG’s)

Macronutrient Energy Production

A
  • Beta Oxidation (in MITO)
    • ​FA’s -> Acetyl-CoA
      • ​-> TCA CYCLE​​​
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6
Q

Carbs

Macronutrient Energy Production

A
  • Polysaccharides -> Monosaccharides
    • -> Glycolysis
      • ​-> TCA Cycle
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7
Q

Proteins

Macronutrient Energy Production

A
  • Proteins -> Amino Acids + NH2
    • ​NH2 -> Ammonia / Urea cycle
    • Carbons -> TCA cycle
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8
Q

Basal Metabolic Rate Formula

BMR =

A

( weight in kg ) x 24 Cal/kg

or 100 kj/kg

  • Energy needed by awake person at REST
  • ​​Only accounts for 60-70% of total energy expenditure for sedentary individuals
    • ​Exercise / Cold / Fever -> INCREASE BMR
    • Hormones can also affect BMR
      • Hyperactive Thyroid -> RAISE BMR
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9
Q

% of BMR Factor for Active Adults

A

Sedentary = x30%

Moderately Active = x40%

Active = x50%

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10
Q

Protein / AA’s

FOOD SOURCES

A

Meat / Fish / Legumes (tofu)

Dairy / Cereal

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11
Q

Lipids (TG’s)

FOOD SOURCES

A

Meat / Fish

Oily seeds

Nuts

Vegetable Oils

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12
Q

Carbs

FOOD SOURCES

A

Veggies

Fruits

Cereals

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13
Q

Daily Value (DV) levels are high / low when?

A

HIGH > 20%

LOW <5%

  • Based on 2000 Cal/day
    • SERVING SIZE MUST BE SPECIFIED
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14
Q

Reading a Nutritional Food Label

A
  1. Serving Size
    1. needs to be specified
  2. Check Calories
  3. LIMIT THESE NUTRIENTS:
    1. ​Fat / Cholesterol / Sodium
  4. ​Get enough of these nutrients:
    1. ​Vitamins / Iron / Fiber
  5. ​Footnotes
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15
Q

Glycemic Index

GI

A
  • GI of 100:
    • AUC under 2 hour curve of measured blood glucose
      • after ingestion of 50g of glucose
  • Higher GI = Worse for you
  • Used to help DIABETIC patients to avoid foods that would greatly raise BG levels
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16
Q

Factors that affect Glycemic Index

A
  • Complex, many factors involved:
    • Portion size
    • Fiber content
    • processing
    • Physiological state of subject
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17
Q

Foods with HIGH GI >70

A

Candy

Bread

Rice

Potatoes

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18
Q

Food w/ Low GI <55

A

Fruits

Unsweetened dairy products

Nuts

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19
Q

Glycemic Load

GL

A

GL = GI x Amount of Carbs (grams)

  • Factors in PORTION SIZE
    • more useful than GI, in limiting postprandial hyperglycemia​
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20
Q

Carbohydrate Intolerance

A
  • Typically caused by:
    • defect in digestive enzyme
      • sucrase or lactase
    • ​Impaired Sugar Transporter
  • RBS - Symptoms
    • reducing sugars in stool
    • fermentation of sugars by bacteria in colon
    • Acetate / propionate / gasses
    • Diarrhea
21
Q

Lactose Intolerance

Type of Carbohydrate intolerance

A

Defect or Lack of LACTASE

GENETIC COMPONENT

  • Avoid dairy products
  • But, monitor levels of:
    • Calcium
      • ​can get from dried beans / leafy veggies
    • Vitamin (d)
    • Phosphorous
22
Q

What are the ESSENTIAL CARBS?

A
  • Technically there are NO ESSENTIAL SUGARS
    • as long as you have sufficient protein
      • Protein -> AA’s -> carbs
  • VITAMIN C might be an exception
    • needed as a COFACTOR
      • for hydroxylations
      • scurvy / hemorrhage / loose teath / wound healing
23
Q

What are the 9 Essential Amino Acids?

A

H I L L T T MPV

His / Ile / Leu / Lys

Thr / Trp

Met / Phe / Val

24
Q

What Extra AA’s are needed for children ?

A

Growing Children need extra

Arg

25
Q

What extra AA’s are needed for premature infants?

A

Premature infants may need extra:

Cys

Tyr

26
Q

Celiac Disease

“Toxic Protein”

A
  • Immune sensitivity to GLUTEN
    • -> inflammation
    • Damages small intestine fxn &
      • ​small-scale structure
    • ​diarrhea / malnutrution
  • ​Gluten is found in:
    • Wheat / Barley / Rye
      • gliadin / glutenin
27
Q

Can you have TOO MUCH Protein in diet?

A
  • No tolerable upper limit yet:
    • Normal = ~15% of daily caloric intake
    • ​Possible to survive with a diet:
      • free of carbohydrates
      • Large amounts of meat / fat
  • Can result in some side effects if >45% of calories
28
Q

Effects of high-protein diet?

A

>45 % of total calories

Ketoaciduria

Calcium loss in urine

Renal HYPERtrophy + Damage

29
Q

Two Essential Fatty Acids

A

PUFA (polyunsaturated FA’s)

  • Linoleic Acid​
    • ​w-6 or n-6 FA
  • Alpha-LinoleNIC Acid
    • ​w-3 or n-3 FA
30
Q

Linoleic Acid

n-6 PUFA

A
  • Essential Fatty Acid, most abundent PUFA in US Diet
    • Provides eicosanoids (arachidonic acid)
      • ​-> Prostaglandins + Leukotriens
      • Shingolipids
    • Gene regulatory Proteins
      • ​PPARs
    • Signal Transduction pathways
      • form phosphoinositol-containing lipids
31
Q

Deficiency in n-6 PUFA ( Lineleic Acid)

A

Symptom takes MONTHS to appear

  • Compromise the Skin-Water Barrier
    • major role for sphingolipids
  • Blood Clotting / BP / Immune Fxn
    • ​n-6 -> Arachidonic acid
      • -> prostaglandins / leukotrienes
  • Signal Transduction Pathways
    • that use inositol as phospholipids
    • PPAR
32
Q

Alpha - linoleNIC acid

n-3 PUFA

A
  • Essential FA, present in:
    • Soybeans
    • Canola Oil
    • Flax Seeds
    • Oily Fish (salmon)
  • deficiency -> visual acuity loss & peripheral neuropathy
33
Q

Deficiency in n-3 alpha linoleNIC acid

A
  • LOSS OF VISUAL ACUITY
    • ​PERIPHERAL NEUROPATHY
  • ​Can be compensated possibly by n-6 PUFA (linoleic acid)
34
Q

LCFA Bad Effects

A
  • LCFA -> Lumen of Small Intestine can be harmful
    • esp in INFANTS & Small CHILDREN
      • _​_Mucosa becomes more resistant as you AGE.
      • typically not a problem w/ adults
  • Disrupt Mucosal Barrier
    • ​Inflammation / Infection
      • -> Enterocolitis / Diarrhea
35
Q

LCFA GOOD effects

A
  • Induce SATIETY
  • inhibition of FOOD INTAKE
  • Possibly involves peptide hormone signals such as:
    • Ghrelin
    • Apolipoprotein A-4
    • Choleecystokinin
36
Q

Marasmus

Protein-Energy MALnutrition

A

Super Skinny

Lethargy / Impaired Immunity / Anemia

  • Insufficient Energy Intake
    • lacking Fuel for the body in general
  • ​Loss of SC Fat & Skeletal muscle
37
Q

Kwashiorkor

Protein-Energy MALnutrition

A

Swollen Abdomen

Edema / Fatty Liver

+ Lethargy / Impaired immunity / anemia

  • “First - Second Child”
    • sickness in children who were weaned when a second child was born
      • no more milk / protein
  • ​​High starch diet (yams / cassava / bananas)
38
Q

How does the body metabolically adapt to Starvation?

A
  1. Carbs (glycogen) are extensively DEPLETED in just a few days
  2. Lipolysis -> FA’s
    1. FA’s to liver -> Gluconeogenesis
      1. ​Glucose for the brain
  3. Brain starts to use KETONE BODIES
    1. ketone bodies increase due to lack of glucose
      1. from FATS
39
Q

Ketosis

A
  • Unusually HIGH concentration of Ketone bodies in the BLOODSTREAM
    • ​0.3 - 7.0 mmol/L
  • Excess ketone bodies are filtere out by KIDNEYS -> Urine
    • -> results in Ketonuria
    • Deplete stores of ions such as:
      • ​Na / K / Phosphate
      • -> Dehydration
40
Q

Ketonuria

A
  • Result of Ketosis
    • Ketone Bodies being filtered out by the kidneys and excreted in the urine
      • ​​exert osmotic effect on kidneys
      • resulting in MORE URINE than usual
        • depleted body stores of IONS:
          • NA / K / P
          • -> Dehydration
41
Q

Types of Ketone Bodies

A

Acetoacetate

B-Hydroxybutyrate

Acetone

42
Q

Where and Why are Ketone Bodies created?

A
  • When there is not enough OXALOACETATE for the TCA CYCLE
    • ​Acetyl-CoA -> Ketone Bodies​
  • ​Oxaloacetate is used in both GLUCONEOGENESIS and the TCA cycle
    • during starvation, there is not enough of it
    • Fatty Acids and Amino acids still supplement Acetyl-CoA
      • which is converted into Ketone bodies when TCA can’t occur
43
Q

How do organs use KETONE BODIES?

A
  • Direct use of Ketone Bodies:
    • Cardiac / Skeletal Muscle
    • Renal Cortex (Kidney)
  • ​Brain adapts to use them as fuel
  • LIVER
    • ​liver lacks the key enzyme to breakdown ketone bodies
44
Q

What causes Ketosis?

A
  • low CARB intake (high protein diet, or lipids only, or starvation)
    • Body uses FA’s & AA’s instead of carbs
      • Glycerol + AA’s are used for gluconeogenesis
  • Diabetes
    • ​Glucose not being taken up by tissues
      • = acts as if Starved for energy
        • Metabolism shifts to fasting/starvation
          • -> Ketosis
          • DEHYDRATION
45
Q

Oxaloacetate

A
  • Used in both the TCA Cycle & Gluconeogenesis
  • In starvation / low or no Carb diet:
    • Body is excessively going through Gluconeogenesis
      • which uses up Oxalacetate to produce glucose
    • TCA Cycle can not occur w/o oxalacetate
      • -> so Acetyl-CoA builds up from AA’s/FA’s
        • Acetyl-CoA is then over converted into Ketone Bodies
          • ​-> KETOSIS
46
Q

How are Ketone bodies catabolised?

A
  • @Non-Helpatic Tissues:
    • ​Ketone Bodies -> Acetyl-CoA
      • to produce energy for cell
  • Rate limiting step = Second Step
    • Enzyme that catalyzes this step is not expressed in the LIVER
      • -> liver itself can not consume ketone bodies
47
Q

Ketoacidosis

A

​Acidosis + Ketosis

  • Most common with Diabetes patients paired with:
    • Extreme / Uncontrolled Ketosis
      • more common with Type 1
48
Q

Symptoms of Ketosis

A
  • High levels of ketone bodies (acetone / hydroxybutyrate)
    • -> BAD BREATH
    • acetone might smell like ethanol
  • ​Can result in Acidosis
    • pH of blood drops below <7.3 pH
  • Together Acidosis + Ketosis = Ketoacidosis
49
Q

Acidosis

A
  • Can be caused by Ketosis
    • Ketone bodies acidify environment
    • Acidosis is defined by <7.3 blood pH
      • reduce the oxygen carrying capacity of erythrocytes
        • ​very serious condition
  • Can develop to Ketoacidosis

BioMedChem Midterm 1 (9 decks)

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