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BioMedChem Midterm 1 > 2 - Key Organs in Metabolism > Flashcards

2 - Key Organs in Metabolism Flashcards

1
Q

Catabolism

A

Degradation phase of metabolism

Carbs / Fats / Lipids –> Small Molecules

–> Produce Energy

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2
Q

Anabolism

A

BIOSYNTHESIS

Small Precursors -> Complex Molecules

Use Energy

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3
Q

Liver

in Metabolism

A
  • Primary Site of Energy Storage
    • ​Excess energy is stored as Glycogen
      • ​when FULL –> lipid in adipose tissue
  • Glucose & Lipid metabolism
  • Glycolysis = Catabolism
  • Gluconeogenesis (GNG) = Anabolism
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4
Q

Pentose Phosphate Pathway

A

G6P -> Nucleotides + NADPH

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5
Q

Liver Metabolism Pathways

A
  1. Glycolysis
    1. ​Glucose -> Pyruvate + ATP -> Lactate in muscle
  2. Citric Acid Cycle
    1. ​ATP + CO2
  3. Pentose Phosphate Pathway
    1. ​Nucleotides + NADPH
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6
Q

What are the fates of Acetyl-CoA?

A
  • Catabolism:
    • -> TCA -> ATP Energy Production
  • ​Anabolism:
    • ​-> Cholesterol + FFA
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7
Q

Liver + Pancreas

HIGH blood Sugar

A
  • Pancreas -> Release Insulin
    • ​-> Stimulate formation of Glucagon @ Liver
      • ​= Glycogenesis
    • -> Stimulate Glucose UPTAKE from blood
      • –> into Muscle / Kidney / Fat
        • ​​​Lowers Blood Sugar
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8
Q

Muscle

in Metabolism

A
  • “Selfish” Tissue
    • Has large storage of Glycogen
    • G6P encourage TRAPPING of glucose in tissue
  • Major Fuels for the muscle are oxidized:
    • Fatty Acids
    • Ketone Bodies
    • Carbohydrates
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9
Q

Order that Muscle Uses Its fuels

A
  1. Fatty Acids
  2. Ketone Bodies
    1. ​only if FA’s are NOT available
  3. Carbs
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10
Q

Hexokinase Trapping of G6P

A
  • Glucose -> Cytoplasm of cell (GLUT4)
    • Hexokinase + ATP converts glucose -> G6P
      • G6P CAN NOT BIND TO GLUCOSE TRANSPORTERS
      • CAN NOT LEAVE THE PLASMA MEMBRANE
  • ​​How muscle keeps the energy source
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11
Q

Cori Cycle

A
  • Prevents Lactic Acidosis in the Muscle
    • ​under ANAEROBIC conditions
    • Buildup of Lactic Acid –> Muscle Cramps
  • Uses Lactate Dehydrogenase (LDH)
    • in both MUSCLE & LIVER
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12
Q

Cori Cycle - MUSCLE

A
  • Anaerobic Glycolysis
    • ​G6P -> Pyruvate -> LACTATE
      • -> Blood -> Liver
    • ​LDH
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13
Q

Cori Cycle in LIVER

A
  • Gluconeogenesis
    • Lactate -> Pyruvate -> Glucose
      • ​-> blood -> back to Muscle
    • ​LDH
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14
Q

Lactate Dehydrogenase

LDH

A
  • Integral to the Cori Cycle
  • In Muscle:
    • _​_Pyruvate -> Lactate
      • ​uses energy (NADH)
  • ​In Liver:
    • _​_Lactate -> Pyruvate
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15
Q

Brain

In Metabolism

A
  • “Picky” tissue
    • ​Uses 20-25% of body’s produced ATP
    • Hormones tell brain whats going on with energy
  • Uses mainly GLUCOSE as primary source of fuel
  • In starvation uses Ketone Bodies
    • produced by the liver
  • ​Fatty Acids are not used as fuel
    • B/c they are bound to ALBUMIN in plasma
      • –> can NOT cross the BBB
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16
Q

Brain’s Hierarchy​of Fuel

A
  1. Glucose
  2. Ketoacids/ketobodies
    1. ​produced in Liver
      1. _​_replaces glucose in starvation
      2. NOT converted to glucose in brain
  3. ​​**Fatty acids are NOT used
    1. ​albumin bound and can not cross BBB
17
Q

Adipose Tissue as Storage

A
  • Major Reservoir of metabolic fuel as Triacylglycerols​
    • ​FA’s + Glucose
      • FA’s are esterfied in the Liver
        • -> transported to adipose tissue by lipoproteins
  • ​​​Lipases are stimulated by INSULIN to take up TG’s
    • –> CoA derivatives are transferred as Glycerol
18
Q

Lipoproteins

A

Transport Fatty Acids

that were esterfied in the liver

–> Adipose Tissue

19
Q

High Glucose Levels inside adipocytes

A
  • Indicate adipocytes to Synthesize TG’s
    • ​Glucose (G6P) + FA’s (Fatty acyl-CoA)
  • High Glucose = Increase TG Storage
20
Q

Low (Paucity) Glucose Levels tell Adipocytes to?

A
  • -> Release Fatty Acids -> the blood
    • -> back to the Liver
21
Q

Hormone Sensitive Lipase

A
  • Stimulated by INSULIN
  • Tells adipocytes to Break Down TG’s -> FA + Glycerol
    • ​Fatty Acids
      • ​recycled within cell to make more TG’s
      • -> return to Liver
    • Glycerol
      • -> back to Liver to become glucose for energy
22
Q

Kidney

in Metabolism

A
  • Major role is to Excrete Waste in the form of urine
  • Can also contribute to energy with
    • _Gluconeogenesis during starvatio_n
  • ​Water-soluble materials are reabsorbed
    • uses ENERGY to filter
23
Q

Consumer Organs

A

Uses fuels to regenerate ATP consumed

Brain

Muscle

24
Q

Maintainer Organs

A

Regulates the concentration of fuels in blood

Adipose Tissue

Liver / Pancreas

25
Q

What does the Liver do during starvation?

A
  • Senses the glucose is declining
    • ​Glycogenolysis
      • Glycogen -> Glucose
        • Glucose to feed the Brain
26
Q

What does the Adipose Tissue do during starvation?

A
  • Lipolysis
    • ​Lipids -> FFA + Glycerol -> LIVER
      • _​_FFA -> Ketone Bodies for brain
        • ​FFA can also go to muscle for energy
      • Glycerol -> Glucose for brain
27
Q

What does the Muscle do during starvation?

A
  • Glycogen -> Pyruvate for energy
  • Fatty Acids + Protein -> AA’s for energy
  • Pyruvate / Lactate / AA’s –> Gluconeogenesis in Liver
    • ​Glucose + Ketone Bodies to Brain for energy
28
Q

What does the Brain do during starvation?

A
  • Uses the Glucose from all sources
  • Will use Ketone Bodies if all out of glucose
29
Q

Types of Carbohydrates

as energy fuels

A
  • Glucose
    • ​from diet or gluconeogenesis (AA / Glycerol)
  • Lactate
    • ​metabolite of glycogen
    • Cori Cycle
  • Pyruvate
    • ​intermediate in glycolysis (uses ATP)
  • Glycerol
    • ​Adipose tissue TG’s -> Glycerol + FFA
30
Q

Types of FATS as energy fuels

A
  • Fatty Acids
    • ​Adipose
      • TG’s -> FA’s + glycerol
  • Ketoacids
    • ​Liver @ fasting
      • ​FFA -> Ketoacids for brain
  • TG’s
    • ​Stored in Adipose / Muscle
    • Produced in liver
      • _​_FFA / Glucose / AA’s -> TG’s
31
Q

Amino Acids as an Energy Fuel

A
  • Liver
    • ​Converts Amino Acids into Glucose
      • ​= gluconeogenesis

BioMedChem Midterm 1 (9 decks)

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