Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

204 theme 1 > 8. cytokines and chemokines > Flashcards

8. cytokines and chemokines Flashcards

1
Q

what is a cytokine?

A

soluble mediator
ligate receptor and trigger a signalling cascade
leads to activated transcription of specific genes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

cytokines in haematopoiesis

A 
GM-CSF
G-CSF
SCF
IL-6
IL-5
IL-2
IL-11
EPO
TPO
\+ others (eg. il-3)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

GM-CSF in haematopoiesis

A 
differentiation to :
- common myeloid progenitor 
- mast cell
- myeloblast 
\+ myeloblast offspring: basophil, neutrophil, eosinophil, monocyte
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

G-CSF in haematopoiesis

A

differentiation to:

  • mast cell
  • basophil
  • neutrophil
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

SCF in haematopoiesis

A

mast cell

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

IL-6 in haematopoiesis

A

mast cell

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

IL-5 in haematopoiesis

A

eosinophil

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

IL-2 in haematopoiesis

A

T lymphocyte

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

IL-11 in haematopoiesis

A

megakaryocyte

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

EPO in haematopoiesis

A

erythrocyte

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

TPOin haematopoiesis

A

megakaryocyte

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

mediators of host defence

A

antiviral mediatros (interferons)
immune activators
cytotoxins

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

interferons

A

antiviral mediators
products of virus-infected cells
interfere with viral replication

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

interferon examples

A

IFN-alpha - made by lymphocytes
IFN-beta - made by fibroblasts
IFN-alpha - made by lymphocytes and NK cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

immune activators

A

lymphocyte activating cytokines (IL-1)
t cell growth factors (IL-2, IL-7, IL-9, IL-15)
macrophage activating cytokines (IFN-gamma)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

cytotoxins

A

identified as products of activated lymphocytes or macrophages
can kill tumour cells
tumour necrosis factor (TNF) - poor anti-tumour

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

effector molecules for different T cells

A

cd8 - cytotoxic effector molecules
cd4 th1 - macrophage-activating effector molecules
cd4 th2 - b cell-activating effector molecules

18
Q

cytotoxic effector molecules

A 
released by cd8 t cells 
perforin 
granzymes  
granulysin 
fas ligand
19
Q

macrophage-activating effector molecules

A 
released by cd4 th1 t cells
IFN-gamma
GM-CSF
TNF-alpha 
CD40 ligand 
fas ligand
20
Q

b cell-activating effector molecules

A 
released by cd4 th2 t cells
IL-4
IL-5
IL-15
CD40 ligand
21
Q

other effector molecules released by CD4 Th1 cells

A 
IL-3
TNF-beta
IL-2
CXCL2
GRO beta
22
Q

other effector molecules released by CD4 Th2 cells

A 
IL-3
GM-CSF
IL-10 
TGF-beta
CCL11 (eotaxin)
CCL17
23
Q

effects of IFN-gamma and CD40 ligand

A

activates macrophage to destroy bacteria

released from activated from th1 cell

24
Q

effects of TNF-alpha

A

activates endothelium to induce macrophage binding and exit from blood vessel at site of infection
(released from activated from th1 cell)

25
Q

effects of GM-CSF

A

induces macrophage differentiation in bone marrow

26
Q

immune-stimulating cytokine deficiency

A

X-linked SCID (severe combined immunodeficiency)

caused by genetic inactivation of one receptor - common signalling component of IL-2, IL-4 and IL-7

27
Q

cardinal signs of inflammation

A 
heat
swelling 
redness
pain
tissue damage 
most can be explained  by biological activation of inflammatory cytokines on vascular endothelium - most through production of prostaglandins or chemokines
28
Q

what happens to cause inflammation?

A

bacteria trigger macrophages to release cytokines and chemokines
vasodilation and increased vascular permeability cause redness, heat and swelling
inflammatory cells migrate into tissue, releasing inflammatory mediators that cause pain

29
Q

TNF-mediated diseases

A 
septic shock 
multiple organ f failure 
respiratory distress syndrome 
rheumatoid arthritis 
inflammatory bowel disease 
graft-versus-host rejection 
diabetes
30
Q

cytokines in allergy

A

Th2 cytokines are important

31
Q

what mediators cause Th1 differentiation?

A

IFN-gamma
IL-12
IL-23

32
Q

what mediators cause Th2 differentiation?

A

IL-4

33
Q

T cell subsets

A

Th1: IFN-gamma (inflammation)
Th2: IL-4, -5, -9, -13 (allergy, anti-inflammation)
Th17: IL-17 (inflammation)
Treg: IL-10 - inhibits activity of other T cells (anti-inflammation)

34
Q

chemokines

A

chemotactic cytokines

cause chemotaxis

35
Q

chemotaxis

A

migration towards a gradient
discovered for ability fo neutrophils to chase bacteria
explains infiltration of leukocytes - macrophages
important in homing and migration of cell of the immune system

36
Q

CCL2 chemokine

A

released from activated Th1 cell

causes macrophages to accumulate at site of infection

37
Q

therapeutic use of cytokines

A 
IFN-gamma: macrophage activation 
IFN-beta - immunomodulation 
host defence 
haematoapoiesis 
pathogenesis
38
Q

cytokines - host defence

A

IL-2 (melanoma, renal cell carcinoma)

IFN-alpha (hair cell leukaemia, Kaposi, viral hepatitis)

39
Q

cytokines - haematpoeisis

A

GM-CSF (myeloreconstitution, following bone marrow transplant)
G-CSF (chemotherapy-induced neutropenia)
IL-11 (thrombocytopenia)
EPO (anaemia)

40
Q

pathogenesis

A

anti-TNF and sTNFR (RA, UC, psoriasis)
IL-1Ra (RA, cryopryrin-associated periodic syndromes)
anti-IL-6, IL-6R (RA)
anti-IL-17,-12-23 (psoriasis, ankylosing spondylitis, Crohn’s)
anti-IL-5 (asthma, eosinophilic granulomatosis)
anti-IL-4R (atopic dermatitis - eczema)

204 theme 1 (12 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions