Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Repro > 8. Contraception And Infertility > Flashcards

8. Contraception And Infertility Flashcards

1
Q

What is contraception?

A

Any method to prevent pregnancy, either by:
Blocking transport of sperm to avoid fertilisation of oocyte.
Disrupting the HPG acids to interfere with ovulation.
Inhibiting implantation of the conceptus into endometrium.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What are the 4 main methods of natural contraception?

A

Abstinence.
Withdrawal method.
Fertility awareness methods.
Lactational amenorrhoea method.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What are the 2 main methods of married contraception?

A

Male/female condoms.

Diaphragm/caps.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What are the 4 main methods of hormonal contraception?

A 
Combined oestrogen and progesterone (mainly pill).
Progesterone depot (injection, high dose).
Progesterone implant (high dose).
Low dose progesterone (pill).
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What are the 3 main method of contraception that inhibit implantation?

A

IUS.

IUD.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What are the 2 methods of sterilisation as contraception?

A

Vasectomy.

Tubular ligation/clipping.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What are the 3 main methods of emergency contraception?

A

IUD.
Pill with ulipristal acetate.
Pill with levonorgestrel.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What are the advantages of disadvantages of abstinence as a method of contraception?

A

Advantages - only 100% reliable method.

Disadvantages - NO SEX!!!

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What are the advantages and disadvantages of using the withdrawal method as a method of contraception?

A

Advantages - no devices or hormones.
Disadvantages - not reliable, as does the man have enough will-power to withdraw on time, some sperm may be released in the pre-ejaculate and there is no protection against STIs.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What is using fertility awareness methods as a form of contraception?

A

Use of fertility indicators eg cervical secretions, basal body temperature and length of menstrual cycle, as indicators to identify fertile and infertile points of the menstrual cycle.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What are the advantages and disadvantages of using fertility awareness methods as contraception?

A

Advantages - no hormones/contraindications.

Disadvantages - unreliable and no protection from STIs.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

How does using the lactational amenorrhoea method work as a method of contraception?

A

After childbirth, the breastfeeding stimulus disrupts the release of GnRH by producing prolactin, which then affects the feedback cycle of the HPG axis, thus delaying the return of ovulation.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What are the advantages and disadvantages of using the lactational amenorrhoea method as contraception?

A

Advantages - no hormones/contraindications.
Disadvantages - relies on exclusive breast feeding, is only effective up to 6 months after giving birth, unreliable, no STI prevention.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

How do barrier methods of contraception work?

A

Are physical barriers preventing entrance of sperm into the cervix. Can also be used with spermicide, so can have an additional chemical barrier.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What are the advantages and disadvantages of using barrier methods of contraception?

A

Advantages - reliable, protection from STIs, male condom is widely available.
Disadvantages - disrupt sex, reduced sexual pleasure, danger of expiring, allergy/sensitive to latex/spermicide.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

How does the combines oral contraceptive pill work?

A

Contains a combination of synthetic oestrogen and progesterone. Strength of hormones varies, but enhanced negative feedback of natural oestrogen and inhibits positive feedback of oestrogen, reducing LH and FSH secretion, no LH surge so prevents ovulation. Reduces endometrial receptivity to inhibit implantation and thickens cervical mucus to inhibit penetration of sperm. (Tricks axis into thinking are in the luteal phase).

17
Q

What are the advantages and disadvantages of the combined oral contraceptive pill?

A

Advantages - can relieve menstrual disorders and reduced the risk of ovarian cancer and endometrial cancer, 98% effective if taken correctly.
Disadvantages - is user dependant, interacts with other medications (eg antibiotics), contraindication and side affects as increases risk of breath and cervical cancer, VTE and MI/stroke, no protection from STIs.

18
Q

How does the progesterone injection method of contraception work?

A

Is an intramuscular injection of high dose progesterone given at regular intervals, which prevents ovulation (enhanced negative feedback of natural oestrogen reducing LH and FHS and inhibits positive feedback of oestrogen so no LH surge and no ovulation), thickens cervical mucus to inhibit penetration of sperm, prevents endometrial proliferation.

19
Q

What are the advantages and disadvantages of the progesterone injection?

A

Advantages - reliable and eliminates the risk of user failure, does not disrupt sexual intercourse, can be useful for women who can’t use contraception that contains oestrogen.
Disadvantages - appointment needed every 12 weeks, contraindications and side effects, delay in fertility returning, no STI protection.

20
Q

How does the progesterone implant method of contraception work?

A

Is a small flexible tube inserted under the skin, which lasts for 3 years. Is high dose progesterone so inhibits ovulation (enhanced negative feedback of natural oestrogen reducing LH and FHS and inhibits positive feedback of oestrogen so no LH surge and no ovulation), thickens the cervical mucus and prevents endometrial proliferation.

21
Q

What are the advantages and disadvantages of the progesterone implant?

A

Advantages - reliable and eliminates risk of user failure, is long acting reversible contraception, can be useful for women who cant use contraception that contains oestrogen, natural fertility returns quickly when removed.
Disadvantages - minor procedure to insert, side effects, no STI protection.

22
Q

How does the progesterone only pill work?

A

Is low dose progesterone pill taken every day without a break, so does not inhibit the LH surge and ovulation is still likely, but does thicken the cervical mucus.

23
Q

What are the advantages and disadvantages of the progesterone only pill?

A

Advantages - effect when taken correctly, quickly reversible, does not interrupt sex, can be used where the combines pill is contraindicated.
Disadvantages - is user dependant, menstrual problems are common, interacts with other medication, risk of ectopic pregnancy, does not protect from STIs.

24
Q

How does the IUS method of contraception work?

A

Is a progesterone releasing plastic deceive that works for 3-5 years. Progesterone is in high does in the uterus and so prevents implantation and reduced endometrial proliferation. Also thickens cervical mucus.

25
Q

How does the IUD method of contraception work?

A

Is a plastic divide it’s added copper that works for 5-10 years. The copper is toxic to sperm and ovum, but also causes an endometrial inflammatory reaction preventing implantation and changes in consistency of cervical mucus.

26
Q

What are the advantages and disadvantages of the IUS and IUD methods of contraception?

A

Advantages - long acting reversible contraception, convenient, reliable and no user failure risk.
Disadvantages - insertion may be unpleasant, risk of uterine perforation (2 in 1000), menstrual irregularity particularly in the first 6 months, no STI prevention, displacement or expulsion may occur.

27
Q

How does a vasectomy work as a method of contraception?

A

Vas deferens are cut or tied under local anaesthetic to prevent sperm from entering the ejaculate.

28
Q

How does tubular ligation or clipping work as a method of contraception?

A

Fallopian tubes are cut or blocked under local or general anaesthetic to stop the ovum travelling from the ovary to the uterus.

29
Q

What are the advantages and disadvantages of using sterilisation as a method of contraception?

A

Advantages - reliable (vasectomy more effective), no hormones involved, no user failure risk, no serious side effects.
Disadvantages - is permanent so should not be chosen if in any doubt about having children in the future.

30
Q

What is the main advantage of using the emergency IUD over either of the emergency pills?

A

Protects you if you have unprotected sex again.

31
Q

What is subfertility?

A

Failure of conception in a couple having regular, unprotected coitus for one year.

32
Q

What is primary infertility?

A

When someone who’s never conceived a child in the past has difficulty conceiving.

33
Q

What is secondary infertility?

A

When someone has had one or more pregnancies (includes abortions and ectopic pregnancy) in the past, but is having difficulty conceiving again.

Repro (18 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions