8) Consuming Energy Resources Flashcards
What are the 3 main categories of energy resources?
Renewable
Non-renewable
Recyclable
What are non-renewable energy sources?
Sources which are not sustainable and cannot be used at the current rate forever
What are examples of non-renewable energy sources?
Fossil fuels (coal, oil, natural gas)
What are renewable energy sources?
Sources that are sustainable and can be reused forever
What are examples of renewable energy sources?
Solar
Wind
HEP
What are recyclable energy sources?
Sources created by recycling waste produced by humans to create more energy
What are examples of recyclable energy sources?
Nuclear fuel
Biofuels
What are environmental impacts of mining and drilling for energy sources?
Deforestation
Oil spills
Greenhouse gas emissions
Landscape scarring
What is landscape scarring?
Removing everything on top of a coalfield to then dig the coal
What type of mining is landscape scarring?
Surface mining
What were effects of the Deepwater Horizon oil spill in 2010?
4.9 million barrels leaked into Gulf of Mexico
82,000 birds and 26,000 marine mammals injured or killed
What are impacts of renewable energy on the landscape?
HEP flooding
Land clearing for turbines or solar panels
What are negatives of solar panels?
Habitats destroyed to make space
Reflected heat can disturb animals
What are factors that affect access to energy resources?
Economic factors Technological factors Geological factors Political factors Geographic factors
What economic factors affect access to energy resources?
Some locations are more expensive to extract
More expensive to dig under oceans
Lots of countries have to import oil and prices often change
What technological factors affect access to energy resources?
Fracking is difficult
Some countries lack the educated population
Some countries lack the infrastructure to mine
What geological factors affect access to energy resources?
Fossil fuels are in limited supply
Some countries have lots of oil and some have none
Solar and wind power are impractical if there is a lack of wind or sunlight
What political factors affect access to energy resources?
Lack of institutions and war can stop development
International agreemenets limit the burning of fossil fuels
What geographic factors affect access to energy resources?
Wind energy is only viable for countries with lots of wind
HEP isn’t feasible for flat countries
Harder to dig under impermeable rocks
What is electricity produced in?
Gigawatt hours (GWh)
Which country produces the most electricty in the world?
China (7.1 million GWh)
Why does energy have to be generated locally in LICs?
Lack of national grids of energy infrastructures
Which country consumes the most energy?
China (24%)
What do LICs often use to generate energy?
Biomass
Where are most of the world’s oil reserves found?
The Middle East
What do oil reserves focus on?
Which oil is physically located in a country
What does oil production focus on?
Whether oil is extracted or not
What are opil reserves also known as?
Recoverable oil
What factors affect oil supplies and prices?
Economic
International relations
How do economic factors affect oil supplies and prices?
Booms in economy cause prices to rise
Oil prices fall in recessions
Organisation OPEC works together to determine oil prices
What is OPEC?
A group of oil-producing countries who work together to determine the oil price
How do international relations affect oil supplies and prices?
Lots of oil is located in the Middle East
Historically these countries are involved in conflicts which damages oil production infrastructure
Bad relations with oil-producing countries increases oil prices
What are countries and companies trying to do as the demand for energy rises?
Extract oil and gas from harder to access locations
What are difficult to access locations known as?
‘Isolated’ or ‘Ecologically-sensitive’
What are benefits of extracting more resources?
Improves people’s standard of living
‘Energy miles’ could be reduced
Can create jobs in the Amazon/ Arctic
What are costs of exploiting isolated locations for energy?
Wildlife will be disturbed
Marine life and corals can be destroyed
Ice cores can be destroyed
Pollultion from extracting raw materials
What are unconventional ways of extracting oil and gas?
Fracking for shale ags
Extracting oil from tar sands
What do tar sands contain that can be turned into oil?
Bitumen
How is shale gas extracted?
Fracking shale rocks
What is the process of fracking?
Compressed water is forced into rocks, releasing gas
What are disadvantages of fracking?
Can cause mini earthquakes
Can pollute water supplies
Land needs to be cleared
How are tar sands mined?
Landscape scarring (surface mining)
Which country has the largest shale gas reserves?
China
What are 2 key methods of conserving energy?
Energy efficiency
Energy conservation
How is technology increasing fossil fuel use efficiency?
Hybrid and electric vehicles
UK has banned petrol cars from 2035
Autonomous vehicles prevent constant braking and accelerating
How does demand reduction increase energy efficiency?
Public transport and walking
Encouraging buying local goods reduces food miles
How does designing homes and offices increase energy efficiency?
Proper insulation reduces heat lost
Solar panels or mini wind turbines provide renewable energy
How does sustainable transport increase energy efficiency?
Public transport lowers individuals’ carbon footprints
Electric cars emit less greenhouse gas
How much lower are emissions from electric vehicles than petrol vehicles?
17% - 30%
What are 3 advantages of reducing fossil fuel use?
Better energy security
Lower carbon footprints
More resilient energy supplies
How does reducing fossil fuel use mean better energy security?
Renewable energy sources are located in the country consuming the energy
Improves countries’ control over thie rown destiny
What is a peron’s carbo footprint?
An indicator of how many greenhouse gases their activities produce
What is a benefit of using more resilient energy supplies?
A diaster harming one source of energy will not destroy a nation’s ability to produce energy
What are advantages of solar energy?
Renewable
What are disadvantages of solar energy?
Requires sunlight
What are advantages of biofuels?
Renewable and sustainable
More reliable than wind and solar
Can be amde from waste products
What are disadvantages of biofuels?
Deforestation
Growing biomass needs lots of water
What are advantages of HEP?
Renewable
More relaible than wind and solar
What are disadvantages of HEP?
Dams often change the paths of river
Flooding harms biodiversity
What are advantages of wind power?
Renewable
What are disadvantages of wind power?
Unreliable (needs wind)
Deforestation for wind farms
What are advantages of hydrogen fuel?
Only waste product is water
What are disadvantages of hydrogen fuel cells?
Not as popular as scientists had hoped
Hydrogen is flammable and very dangerous
What do TNCs think about the future of energy?
Focus on maximising profits
Will only change behaviour if forced too
Using fossil fuels is cheapest
What do TNCs favour for the future of energy?
Business as usual
What do environmental groups think about the future of energy?
Their only focus is to preserve wildlife and the environment
What do environmental groups favour for the future of energy?
A move to sustainability
What do climate scientists think about the future of energy?
Would encourage a move to sustainability
Research is not changing consumers’ behaviour
What does Malthus think about the future of energy?
The Earth’s population will get too big that the Earth cannot produce enough food
What does Boserup think about the future of energy?
Humans will always find a way to generate enough resources
What do governments favour for the future of energy?
Business as usual
What are the 2 main views for the future of energy?
Business as usual
Become more sustainable
How can consumers effect the future of energy?
Options to buy sustainable clothing
How can education lead people to reduce their carbon footprint?
GCSE Bio and GEO teach about climate change
How does rising wealth and affluence affect people’s attitudes to energy?
Richer people can afford sustainable products
Richer countries can invest in public transport and infrastructure
How do environmental concerns affect people’s attitudes to energy?
More extreme weather events may cause people to change their behaviour