5) The UK's Evolving Human Landscape Flashcards
What are examples of UK urban cores?
London Birmingham Bristol Cardiff Edinburgh
What are examples or rural areas in the UK?
North Scotland
Wales
South-west England
What is the population structure in urban cores?
High percentage of young people
Why is their a high population of young people in urban cores?
Universities
Graduate jobs
How much of the UK’s GDP is produced in London?
25%
What does GDP stand for?
Growth domestic product
What is GDP?
The measure of value added created through the production of goods and services
What is the conomic activity in urban cores and rural peripheries?
Urban cores: Secondary, Tertiary, Quaternary
Rural areas: Primary
How is population distributed across the UK?
Population density is highest in cities
Where is poverty in the UK concentrated?
Areas that used to be manufacturing centres
What are reasons for poverty in rural areas?
Depopulation
Unemployment
Loss of services
What goverment polocies try to reduce differences in welath in the UK?
The Northern Powerhouse
Creation of Enterprise zones
Investment in transport infrastructure
Promoting regional devlopment
What was the Northern Powerhouse meant to become?
The ‘London of the North’
What are enterprise zones?
Zones where businesses get lower ‘business rates’ and tax relief on investments
How many enterprise zones are there in the UK?
45
What percentage of migrant’s were aged 16-64 in 2016?
81%
What population of the UK is aged 16-64?
63%
What is the distribution of migrants in the UK?
Young people move to cities for university
Jobs located in major cities
How much of the UK’s population growth does migration cause?
Half of all population growth
What was the net migration in 2019?
240,000 people
What is net migration?
The numer of immigrants minus the number of emigrants
What EU immigration policies are in place?
Free movement between members since 1995
What solved to the skill shortage after World War 1?
Immigrants from the Commonwealth migrated
What are examples of places in the UK that suffered from a decline in the secondary sector?
Burnley
Sunderland
What percentage of Burnley are either unemployed or on welfare benefits?
30%
What did Sunderland used to be?
The manufacturing hub of the UK
Which car companies closed factories in Sunderland in 2019?
Toyota
Nissan
What are impacts of tertiary and quaternary growth in Wales?
Swansea and Cardiff universities have grown
Cardiff home to more successful software startups
Cardiff and Swansea FC more competitive
What does FDI stand for?
Foreign Direct Investment
How has the UK made strong links across the globe?
Trade FDIs Electronic communication Culture Transport Commonwealth
What is the Commonwealth?
The legacy left by the British Empire
54 countries
Why is London the best-connected city in the UK?
4 airports
Train stations
How much in goods did the UK export in 2018?
£647 billion
What does TNC stand for?
Transnational Corporation
What is FDI?
Investment in the UK by invidualds and firms abroad
Where does most FDI received by the UK come from?
TNCSs
What are some advantages of TNCs?
Creation of jobs (Google, Facebook)
Large-scale projects
What are some disadantages of TNCs?
UK’s enonomy can be affected by global events
UK’s economy can be affected if TNCs move
Local businesses can’t compete
Becoming dependent on TNCs
What percentage of UK imports were to the EU in 2018?
53%
How much wealth does London produce per year?
$500bn
What are the global financial centres?
Londond
New York
Hong Kong
What type of jobs opeate in Mayfair, Bank and Canary Wharf?
Hedge funds
Investment banks
Pension funds
When did London stop being a port?
1981
Where do trains from Kings Cross-St Pancreas travel to through the Channel Tunnel?
Paris
Brussels
Amsterdam
How long does it take to train from London to Manchester?
2 hours
What are the names of London’s 4 airports?
Heathrow
Gatwich
City
Stanstead
What 4 areas is London split into?
Central Business District
Inner City
Suburbs
Rural-urban fringe
What does CBD stand for?
Central business district
What occupies the buildings in the CBD?
Commercial office buildings
Expensive restaurants
What occupies the buildings in the inner city?
Expensive housing
What are examples of London’s inner city?
Chelsea
Swansea
What occupies the buildings of the suburbs?
Family housing
Houses with gardens
What is the rural-urban fringe also called?
The ‘commuter belt’
What occupies the buildings in the rural-urban fringe?
Middle and upper-class housing
What are examples of London’s suburbs?
Surbiton
Croydon
Clapham
What are examples of London’s rural-urban fringe?
Thurrock
Sevenoaks
Maidenhead
How has migration to London affected culture?
Chinatown in Soho
Foreign restaurants
How has migration to London affected Lambeth’s ethnicity?
56% white
44% other ethnic groups
How has migration to London affected housing?
Affordability is low
Many migrant works are illegally crowded into small flats (10+ people)
How has migration to London affected age structure?
Most immigrants are of working age
Older people retire to rural areas
How has migration to London affected services?
Higher population means higher demand for public services
Migrants usually contribute to working in the NHS
How has migration to London affected population?
Population growth and natural increase in London are higher than the rest of England
What was the net migration to London in 2015?
56,000
What is a region of London that is very deprived?
Coldharbour (near Brixton)
How is there an inequality to education in London?
House prices rise near best funded state-schools
Higher income children get into the best state schools
How is there an inequality in health in London?
Life expectancy in deprived areas is 4-5 years lower than wealthy areas
Lower incomes means unhealthier lifestyles
How is there an inequality in services in London?
Deprived areas have a higher population
People in deprived areas have worse conditions and made need healthcare and social support
What is sorting?
When house prices rise near the best state-funded schools
What are the main causes of decline to some areas of London’s CBD?
De-industrilisation
De-centrilisation
De-population
Transport developments
What happened to the UK’s manufacturing capability since 1950?
It got a lot worse
What is deindustrilsation?
The decline of a country’s manufactruing industry due to exhausation of raw materials
Why did the port close in 1981?
Jobs in the docklands fell after London’s factories and industries closed
Why has decentrilisation caused a decline in London?
Shopping areas have been hurt by Amazon
Rents in the CBD are high
Deliveroo makes food in container ships and elivers ot to stop restaurants paying rent
What is it called when restaurants don’t pay rent by working on ships?
Cloud kitchens
Why has depopulation caused a decline in London?
It hasn’t however in SF rents are so high people are leaving
How has developments in transport caused a decline in London?
Businesses and workers can live further from London
What are online shops also known as?
E-commerce
What can cause growth in a part of London?
Sprawl on the rural-urban fringe
Rise of financial services
Investment by TNCS
Rise of culture and leisure
Why has economic growth improved in Shoreditch?
Redveloped with new skyscrapers
TNCs built new headquarters
What is ‘bank’ in London?
The tube station next to the Bank of England
Where was Canary Wharf built?
An abaondoned bit of the Docklands
How was economic growth imporved in Stratford?
Olympic Park was built for the 2012 Olympic games
Athlete’s village has been redeveloped into housing and apartments
What is decentrilisation?
When shops and businesses move out of the CBD
What is gentrification?
When an area is redveloped and upgraded
When is studentification?
When an area is developed to be dominated by students
What are 4 ways to make urban life more sustainable?
Water conservation
Energy conservation
Creating green space
Waste recycling
How is water conservation enforced in London?
Water schemes aim to cut water use
Investors create new taps that do not run freely
Water monitors allow us to monitor usage
How is energy conservation enforced in London?
Energy schemes aim to use renewable energy sources and avoid burning fossil fuels
Make houses more energy efficient (better insulation, solar panels)
Encouraging use of public transport
Why is minimum wage for workers in London higher?
Prices of food, rent and transport are so high
How is creating green space implicated in London?
Good for mental health and encourages exercise
Hyde Park and other spaces have been preserved
Air pollution is lower
What does a good waste recycling system involve?
Easy sorting of what can be recycled and what can’t
Easy collection
Low contamination of recycling waste
What percentage of things are recycled in the UK?
13%
What are urban transport strategies?
Encouraging and improving public transport
Managing traffic flow
How is traffic flow managed?
2003 London congestion charge (£11.50 daily CBD)
Cheap taxi services
Pedtrianised zones
Businesses allow working remotely
How is public transport encouraged and improved?
London’s tube system has 11 lines
Bikes can be rented
Buses have priority lanes
What ways of life can be seen in London?
Housing
Consumption
Leisure
Culture
How can consumption be seen in London?
Westfield Shopping Centre built
Oxford Street shops
How can consumption be seen in London?
Restraunts in gentrified areas
Food delivered by Deliveroo’s Cloud Kitchens
Cable Cars, London Eye
How can leisure be seen in London?
Productions at West End
Museums
Buckinham Palace
Theme Parks
How does London’s interdependence affect rural areas?
Flows of goods Flows of labour Flows of services Benefits of interdependence Costs of interdependence
How does London’s flow of goods affect rural areas?
No farms in London so livestock is sold to supermarkets
People in rural areas travel to London to shop for goods
`How does London’s flow of labour affect rural areas?
Lots of people move to rural areas to start families and commute to London for work
How does London’s flow of services affect rural areas?
Best hospitals in the world
Theatre productions consumed by people who live in rural areas
What are benefits of London’s interdependence?
People don’t have to live in London to consume the services or get a job
What are costs of London’s interdpendence?
Commuter trains can be busy
Previuously quiet farmers have their culture changed
What is interdependence?
The reliance London and its surrounding rural areas have on one another
What is counter urbanisation?
When people move from the city to rural areas
How does counter urbanisation cause pressure on housing?
House prices in desirable rural towns increases
What affects does counter urbanisation have on the age of a population?
Population in rural areas increases as older people retire or move to start a family
What affects does counter urbinsation have on leisure and recreation services?
Leisure activites increase in rural areas such as foot golf
