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GCSE Geography > 5) The UK's Evolving Human Landscape > Flashcards

5) The UK's Evolving Human Landscape Flashcards

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1
Q

What are examples of UK urban cores?

A 
London
Birmingham
Bristol
Cardiff
Edinburgh
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2
Q

What are examples or rural areas in the UK?

A

North Scotland
Wales
South-west England

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3
Q

What is the population structure in urban cores?

A

High percentage of young people

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4
Q

Why is their a high population of young people in urban cores?

A

Universities

Graduate jobs

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5
Q

How much of the UK’s GDP is produced in London?

A

25%

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6
Q

What does GDP stand for?

A

Growth domestic product

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7
Q

What is GDP?

A

The measure of value added created through the production of goods and services

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8
Q

What is the conomic activity in urban cores and rural peripheries?

A

Urban cores: Secondary, Tertiary, Quaternary

Rural areas: Primary

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9
Q

How is population distributed across the UK?

A

Population density is highest in cities

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10
Q

Where is poverty in the UK concentrated?

A

Areas that used to be manufacturing centres

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11
Q

What are reasons for poverty in rural areas?

A

Depopulation
Unemployment
Loss of services

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12
Q

What goverment polocies try to reduce differences in welath in the UK?

A

The Northern Powerhouse
Creation of Enterprise zones
Investment in transport infrastructure
Promoting regional devlopment

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13
Q

What was the Northern Powerhouse meant to become?

A

The ‘London of the North’

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14
Q

What are enterprise zones?

A

Zones where businesses get lower ‘business rates’ and tax relief on investments

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15
Q

How many enterprise zones are there in the UK?

A

45

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16
Q

What percentage of migrant’s were aged 16-64 in 2016?

A

81%

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17
Q

What population of the UK is aged 16-64?

A

63%

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18
Q

What is the distribution of migrants in the UK?

A

Young people move to cities for university

Jobs located in major cities

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19
Q

How much of the UK’s population growth does migration cause?

A

Half of all population growth

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20
Q

What was the net migration in 2019?

A

240,000 people

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21
Q

What is net migration?

A

The numer of immigrants minus the number of emigrants

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22
Q

What EU immigration policies are in place?

A

Free movement between members since 1995

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23
Q

What solved to the skill shortage after World War 1?

A

Immigrants from the Commonwealth migrated

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24
Q

What are examples of places in the UK that suffered from a decline in the secondary sector?

A

Burnley

Sunderland

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25
Q

What percentage of Burnley are either unemployed or on welfare benefits?

A

30%

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26
Q

What did Sunderland used to be?

A

The manufacturing hub of the UK

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27
Q

Which car companies closed factories in Sunderland in 2019?

A

Toyota

Nissan

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28
Q

What are impacts of tertiary and quaternary growth in Wales?

A

Swansea and Cardiff universities have grown
Cardiff home to more successful software startups
Cardiff and Swansea FC more competitive

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29
Q

What does FDI stand for?

A

Foreign Direct Investment

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30
Q

How has the UK made strong links across the globe?

A 
Trade
FDIs
Electronic communication
Culture
Transport
Commonwealth
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31
Q

What is the Commonwealth?

A

The legacy left by the British Empire

54 countries

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32
Q

Why is London the best-connected city in the UK?

A

4 airports

Train stations

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33
Q

How much in goods did the UK export in 2018?

A

£647 billion

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34
Q

What does TNC stand for?

A

Transnational Corporation

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35
Q

What is FDI?

A

Investment in the UK by invidualds and firms abroad

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36
Q

Where does most FDI received by the UK come from?

A

TNCSs

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37
Q

What are some advantages of TNCs?

A

Creation of jobs (Google, Facebook)

Large-scale projects

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38
Q

What are some disadantages of TNCs?

A

UK’s enonomy can be affected by global events
UK’s economy can be affected if TNCs move
Local businesses can’t compete
Becoming dependent on TNCs

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39
Q

What percentage of UK imports were to the EU in 2018?

A

53%

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40
Q

How much wealth does London produce per year?

A

$500bn

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41
Q

What are the global financial centres?

A

Londond
New York
Hong Kong

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42
Q

What type of jobs opeate in Mayfair, Bank and Canary Wharf?

A

Hedge funds
Investment banks
Pension funds

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43
Q

When did London stop being a port?

A

1981

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44
Q

Where do trains from Kings Cross-St Pancreas travel to through the Channel Tunnel?

A

Paris
Brussels
Amsterdam

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45
Q

How long does it take to train from London to Manchester?

A

2 hours

46
Q

What are the names of London’s 4 airports?

A

Heathrow
Gatwich
City
Stanstead

47
Q

What 4 areas is London split into?

A

Central Business District
Inner City
Suburbs
Rural-urban fringe

48
Q

What does CBD stand for?

A

Central business district

49
Q

What occupies the buildings in the CBD?

A

Commercial office buildings

Expensive restaurants

50
Q

What occupies the buildings in the inner city?

A

Expensive housing

51
Q

What are examples of London’s inner city?

A

Chelsea

Swansea

52
Q

What occupies the buildings of the suburbs?

A

Family housing

Houses with gardens

53
Q

What is the rural-urban fringe also called?

A

The ‘commuter belt’

54
Q

What occupies the buildings in the rural-urban fringe?

A

Middle and upper-class housing

55
Q

What are examples of London’s suburbs?

A

Surbiton
Croydon
Clapham

56
Q

What are examples of London’s rural-urban fringe?

A

Thurrock
Sevenoaks
Maidenhead

57
Q

How has migration to London affected culture?

A

Chinatown in Soho

Foreign restaurants

58
Q

How has migration to London affected Lambeth’s ethnicity?

A

56% white

44% other ethnic groups

59
Q

How has migration to London affected housing?

A

Affordability is low

Many migrant works are illegally crowded into small flats (10+ people)

60
Q

How has migration to London affected age structure?

A

Most immigrants are of working age

Older people retire to rural areas

61
Q

How has migration to London affected services?

A

Higher population means higher demand for public services

Migrants usually contribute to working in the NHS

62
Q

How has migration to London affected population?

A

Population growth and natural increase in London are higher than the rest of England

63
Q

What was the net migration to London in 2015?

A

56,000

64
Q

What is a region of London that is very deprived?

A

Coldharbour (near Brixton)

65
Q

How is there an inequality to education in London?

A

House prices rise near best funded state-schools

Higher income children get into the best state schools

66
Q

How is there an inequality in health in London?

A

Life expectancy in deprived areas is 4-5 years lower than wealthy areas
Lower incomes means unhealthier lifestyles

67
Q

How is there an inequality in services in London?

A

Deprived areas have a higher population

People in deprived areas have worse conditions and made need healthcare and social support

68
Q

What is sorting?

A

When house prices rise near the best state-funded schools

69
Q

What are the main causes of decline to some areas of London’s CBD?

A

De-industrilisation
De-centrilisation
De-population
Transport developments

70
Q

What happened to the UK’s manufacturing capability since 1950?

A

It got a lot worse

71
Q

What is deindustrilsation?

A

The decline of a country’s manufactruing industry due to exhausation of raw materials

72
Q

Why did the port close in 1981?

A

Jobs in the docklands fell after London’s factories and industries closed

73
Q

Why has decentrilisation caused a decline in London?

A

Shopping areas have been hurt by Amazon
Rents in the CBD are high
Deliveroo makes food in container ships and elivers ot to stop restaurants paying rent

74
Q

What is it called when restaurants don’t pay rent by working on ships?

A

Cloud kitchens

75
Q

Why has depopulation caused a decline in London?

A

It hasn’t however in SF rents are so high people are leaving

76
Q

How has developments in transport caused a decline in London?

A

Businesses and workers can live further from London

77
Q

What are online shops also known as?

A

E-commerce

78
Q

What can cause growth in a part of London?

A

Sprawl on the rural-urban fringe
Rise of financial services
Investment by TNCS
Rise of culture and leisure

79
Q

Why has economic growth improved in Shoreditch?

A

Redveloped with new skyscrapers

TNCs built new headquarters

80
Q

What is ‘bank’ in London?

A

The tube station next to the Bank of England

81
Q

Where was Canary Wharf built?

A

An abaondoned bit of the Docklands

82
Q

How was economic growth imporved in Stratford?

A

Olympic Park was built for the 2012 Olympic games

Athlete’s village has been redeveloped into housing and apartments

83
Q

What is decentrilisation?

A

When shops and businesses move out of the CBD

84
Q

What is gentrification?

A

When an area is redveloped and upgraded

85
Q

When is studentification?

A

When an area is developed to be dominated by students

86
Q

What are 4 ways to make urban life more sustainable?

A

Water conservation
Energy conservation
Creating green space
Waste recycling

87
Q

How is water conservation enforced in London?

A

Water schemes aim to cut water use
Investors create new taps that do not run freely
Water monitors allow us to monitor usage

88
Q

How is energy conservation enforced in London?

A

Energy schemes aim to use renewable energy sources and avoid burning fossil fuels
Make houses more energy efficient (better insulation, solar panels)
Encouraging use of public transport

89
Q

Why is minimum wage for workers in London higher?

A

Prices of food, rent and transport are so high

90
Q

How is creating green space implicated in London?

A

Good for mental health and encourages exercise
Hyde Park and other spaces have been preserved
Air pollution is lower

91
Q

What does a good waste recycling system involve?

A

Easy sorting of what can be recycled and what can’t
Easy collection
Low contamination of recycling waste

92
Q

What percentage of things are recycled in the UK?

A

13%

93
Q

What are urban transport strategies?

A

Encouraging and improving public transport

Managing traffic flow

94
Q

How is traffic flow managed?

A

2003 London congestion charge (£11.50 daily CBD)
Cheap taxi services
Pedtrianised zones
Businesses allow working remotely

95
Q

How is public transport encouraged and improved?

A

London’s tube system has 11 lines
Bikes can be rented
Buses have priority lanes

96
Q

What ways of life can be seen in London?

A

Housing
Consumption
Leisure
Culture

97
Q

How can consumption be seen in London?

A

Westfield Shopping Centre built

Oxford Street shops

98
Q

How can consumption be seen in London?

A

Restraunts in gentrified areas
Food delivered by Deliveroo’s Cloud Kitchens
Cable Cars, London Eye

99
Q

How can leisure be seen in London?

A

Productions at West End
Museums
Buckinham Palace
Theme Parks

100
Q

How does London’s interdependence affect rural areas?

A 
Flows of goods
Flows of labour
Flows of services
Benefits of interdependence
Costs of interdependence
101
Q

How does London’s flow of goods affect rural areas?

A

No farms in London so livestock is sold to supermarkets

People in rural areas travel to London to shop for goods

102
Q

`How does London’s flow of labour affect rural areas?

A

Lots of people move to rural areas to start families and commute to London for work

103
Q

How does London’s flow of services affect rural areas?

A

Best hospitals in the world

Theatre productions consumed by people who live in rural areas

104
Q

What are benefits of London’s interdependence?

A

People don’t have to live in London to consume the services or get a job

105
Q

What are costs of London’s interdpendence?

A

Commuter trains can be busy

Previuously quiet farmers have their culture changed

106
Q

What is interdependence?

A

The reliance London and its surrounding rural areas have on one another

107
Q

What is counter urbanisation?

A

When people move from the city to rural areas

108
Q

How does counter urbanisation cause pressure on housing?

A

House prices in desirable rural towns increases

109
Q

What affects does counter urbanisation have on the age of a population?

A

Population in rural areas increases as older people retire or move to start a family

110
Q

What affects does counter urbinsation have on leisure and recreation services?

A

Leisure activites increase in rural areas such as foot golf

GCSE Geography (9 decks)

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