8. Classifying animal protists Flashcards

1
Q

What must parasites be able to do in order to be considered ‘parasites’?

A
  1. survive lethal attacks from the immune cells
  2. survive toxins
  3. produce millions of eggs
  4. get eggs safely out of host
  5. eggs must survive outside the host
  6. must have a way to enter another host
  7. invade through huge barriers

• this must be repeated for endless generations

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2
Q

key aspects of viruses, and bacteria

A
  • simple organisms - thus very rapid reproduction

* rapid mutation, thus genetic change

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3
Q

Key aspects of eukaryote ‘Protists’

A
  • more complex but short life cycles - rapid reproduction

* alternation of sexual, asexual reproduction - thus high genetic variation

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4
Q

What phylum are flatworms in

A

Platyhelminthes

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5
Q

Simple body structure of Platyhelminthes

A
  • ectoderm
  • mesoderm
  • endoderm

• no coelom (acoelomate)

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6
Q

What are the 2 classes of Phylum Platyhelminthes and provide examples

A

•Class Trematoda
- Flukes

• Class Cestoidea
- Tapeworms

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7
Q

Describe Class Trematoda of Phylum Platyhelminthes

A
  • suckers
  • branching gut
  • complex reproductive organs
  • most are hermaphrodites
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8
Q

Typical life cycle of Trematode

A
  1. unembryonate eggs released in feces (from cattle/sheep)
  2. seek out intermediate host - snail
  3. development in snail tissue
  4. free swimming cercariae encyst on aquatic vegetation
  5. metacercariae on vegetation ingested by definitive host (human)
  6. immature flukes penetrate intestinal wall
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9
Q

What phylum is Trematoda in

A

Platyhelminthes

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10
Q

Describe class Cestoidea in phylum Platyhelminthes

A
  • scolex or head with suckers and hooks to hang onto the gut
  • proglottids each with male and female reproductive organs
  • no gut - food absorbed through body wall
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11
Q

Example of class Cestoidea

A

Tapeworm

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12
Q

Cestode typical life cycle

A
  1. eggs in feces and passed into environment
  2. cattle become infected by ingesting vegetation contaminated by eggs
  3. oncospheres hatch, penetrate intestinal wall and develop in muscles
  4. humans are infected by ingesting raw or undercooked infected meat
  5. scolex attaches to intestine
  6. released in feces
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13
Q

Example of organisms in phylum Nematoda

A
  • Roundworms
  • hookworms
  • pinworms
  • hairworms
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14
Q

Describe the structure of Phylum Nematoda roundworms

A
  • moult their outer cuticle
  • slender, round body, tapers at both ends
  • 3 body layers
  • pseudocoelom - space between muscle and gut
  • no membrane around the cavity
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15
Q

What are the features of Nematode

A
  • simple gut
  • large, long reproductive organs fill up most of the body
  • many different lifecycles
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16
Q

What is a disease caused by the infection by a Nematode

A
  • Elephantiasis

* filarial worms - Wucheriria bancrofti

17
Q

What is Elephantiasis causes by?

A
  • filarial worms
  • microfilariae (larval worms live in blood)
  • adults live in lymphatic vessels and can cause blockage
18
Q

How is elephantiasis transmitted?

A

By mosquitoes

19
Q

Structure of phylum Arthropoda

A
  • outer exoskeleton that the muscles attach to
  • must moult the outer cuticle - ecdysozoan
  • True coelom - body cavity lined by membrane
20
Q

What are some organisms in phylum Arthropoda

A
  • Insects
  • mites
  • ticks
21
Q

What is Class Hexapoda?

A
  • insects

* 6 legs

22
Q

Three body sections found in insects

A
  • head
  • thorax (containing 3 pairs of legs)
  • abdomen
23
Q

What are the 2 classes in phylum arthropoda that we have to know?

A
  • Hexapoda - insects

* Arachnida - spiders, ticks, mites

24
Q

Class arachnida legs

A

4 pairs of walking legs

25
Q

Class arachnida antennae?

A

no

26
Q

Class arachnida body sections

A
  • 2 body sections
  • head+thorax, abdomen

no wings

27
Q

What are the two pairs of mouth parts on Arachnids?

A
  • chelicerae

* pedipalps