8. Behaviorial Therapies

Question 1

What is the difference between classical and operant conditioning?

Answer 1

1. Classical conditioning: Learning where a natural/involuntary response (salivation) is elicited by repeatidly pairing TOGETHER a NS + UCS (one that evokes a UCR), so that the NS eventually evokes the same response as the UCS (NS becomes a CS, producing a CR)
2. Operant conditioning: Learning where a particular action is reinforced/punished (increased/decreased) by adding or taking something away AFTER the behavior is conducted

Question 2

What is the difference in learning between classical and operant conditioning?

Answer 2

• Classical conditoning
  
  • Learning is the association of things that take place TOGETHER in time.
• Operant conditioning
  
  • Learning is the association of things that take place SEQUENTIALLY.

Question 3

• Classical conditioning usually involves a ________ response.
• Operant conditoning usually involves a ________ response.

Answer 3

• Classical conditioning = involuntary response
• Operant conditioning = voluntary response

Question 4

In classical conditioning, what 2 aspects ALWAYS are the same?

Answer 4

UCR and CR, because the response becomes conditioned to a new stimulus.

Question 5

What is the classic experiment for classical conditioning?

Answer 5

Pavlov classical experiment with dogs: ringing the bell caused salivation.

Question 6

What is the classic experiment for operant conditioning?

Answer 6

Skinners operant conditioning with rats.

Question 7

What is extinction?

Answer 7

Undoing learning = how to get rid of a learned response.

In classical conditioning, a learned repsonse is eliminated by exposing the UCS MANY TIMES, without exposing to CS.

• stop salivation by exposing dog to food, without hearing the bell-

Question 8

How do phobias develop?

Answer 8

Generalization: generalization of the CS to other similar stimuli/situations, causing them to also become a CS for the CR.

[phobia of white rats => white rabbits => doctors => santa]

Question 9

Behavorial Therapy for Phobias

Answer 9

• Pair the [conditioned, feared stimulus] + [relaxation: meditation/ progressive muscle / hypnosis] => decreased anxiety

Question 10

Principle Behind Treatment for Phobias

Answer 10

Classical conditioning with relaxation.

1. Object of phobia (UCS) => Relaxation (UCR)
2. Relaxation activity (CS) + Object of phobia (UCS) => Relaxation (UCR)
3. Object of phobia (CS) => Relaxation (CR)

Question 11

Behavioral Therapy to Treat Phobias

Answer 11

Systematic desensitization = Uses classical conditioning: pairing of relaxation resp to systematically desensitize them.

• 1. Make a hierarchy of fears
• 2. Select a feared object/situation low on list and use relaxation to condition until less anxiety and fear.
• 3. Select a feared object/situation medium on the list .. high … a litter higher.
     *

Question 12

Operant conditioning: Learning where a particular action is reinforced/punished (increased/decreased) by adding or taking something away AFTER the behavior is conducted

What responses are elicited?

Answer 12

• Responses that have a positive effect => increase
• Responses that have an unpleasant effect => decrease

Question 13

1. Reinforcement results in ________
2. Punishment results in ________

Answer 13

1. increased behavior
2. decreased behavior

Question 14

• Positive = something is ______
• Negative = something is ______

Answer 14

• Positive = something is added
• Negative = something is taken away

Question 15

Positive reinforcement

Answer 15

• Target behavior (response) occurs after a reward
• Add something to increase a behavior

Question 16

Negative reinforcement

Answer 16

• Target behavior (response) occurs after a removal of an averse stimili
• Take something away to increase a behavior

Question 17

Positive punishment

Answer 17

• Repeated application of an averse stimulus to get rid of an unwanted behavior
• Add something to decrease a behavior

Question 18

Negative punishment

Answer 18

• Removal of a desired reward to get rid of an unwanted behavior
• Take something away to decrease a behavior

Question 19

You buckle your safety belt to get rid of a seat belt ding.

Answer 19

Negative reinforcement: remove a unpleasant condition already in place to increase a behavior.

Question 20

In operant conditioning, _______ must occur AFTER the behavior.

Answer 20

Reinforcement and punishment

Question 21

Why is punishment not affective?

Answer 21

Punished behaviors are only temporarily supressed. Learning occurs best with reinforcement.

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Question 22

A child picks his nose during class (behavior) and the teacher reprimands him (aversive stimulus) in front of his classmates.

Answer 22

Positive punishment: repeated application of an aversive stimuli to get rid of a behavior.